• • • A demurrer is a in a that objects to or challenges a pleading filed by an opposing. The word demur means 'to object'; a demurrer is the document that makes the objection. Lawyers informally define a demurrer as a defendant saying 'So what?' To the pleading. Hoover Web Design: A Web design site might seem like an odd place to find legal templates, but this site contains everything from an Assignment of Life Insurance Policy to a Revocation of Trust. LawInfo: Select from a number of practice areas to learn more about the issues and to find free documents and templates to use. A website with resources for self-represented litigants in Indiana courts, including information about procedures, court forms packages, and legal research resources. Available on our Court Forms for Attorneys website. In addition, you can request free legal help with an appeal from the Indiana Appellate Pro Bono Project. Business Management Daily — FREE reports on business, management, leadership, career, communication, human resources, employment law. Approved Statewide Forms - Motion Forms. The following forms have been approved for use by the Supreme Court Commission on Access to Justice and are required to be accepted in all Illinois courts. The forms are ADA accessible, and you can handwrite or type into the PDF form. You will need Adobe Acrobat or free. Typically, the in a case will demur to the, but it is also possible for the to demur to an. The demurrer challenges the legal sufficiency of a cause of action in a complaint or of an affirmative defense in an answer. If a in a complaint does not state a cognizable claim (e.g., the claim is nonsense) or if it does not state all the required, then the challenged cause of action or possibly the entire complaint can be thrown out (informally speaking) at the demurrer stage as not legally sufficient. A demurrer is typically filed near the beginning of a case in response to the plaintiff filing a complaint or the defendant answering the complaint. In, a demurrer was the pleading through which a defendant challenged the legal sufficiency of a complaint in or cases. Today, however, the pleading has been discontinued in many, including the, the, and most U.S. States (though some states, including, Pennsylvania, and, retain it). In criminal cases, a demurrer was considered a right, to be heard and decided before the defendant was required to plead 'not guilty,' or make any other pleading in response, without having to admit or deny any of the facts. A demurrer generally assumes the truth of all material facts alleged in the complaint and the defendant cannot present evidence to the contrary, even if those facts appear to be obvious fabrications by the plaintiff or are likely to be easily disproved during. That is, the point of the demurrer is to test whether a cause of action or affirmative defense as pleaded is legally insufficient, even if all facts pleaded are assumed to be true. The sole exception to the no-evidence rule is that a court may take of certain things. For example, the court can take judicial notice of commonly known facts not reasonably subject to challenge, such as the, or of, such as a published legislative report showing the intent of the legislature in enacting a particular statute. Contents • • • • • • • • Overview [ ] Civil cases [ ] A demurrer is commonly filed by a defendant in response to a complaint filed by the. A demurrer to a complaint can terminate a lawsuit. Although a plaintiff may demur to a defendant's answer to a complaint or the defendant's, a demurrer to an answer is less common because it may be a poor. A demurrer to an answer may simplify a lawsuit, but it usually will not end the lawsuit; it is normally used only when the plaintiff intends to move for in their favor at the earliest opportunity and needs to preemptively attack some of the defendant's affirmative defenses. Technically, a demurrer is not a; a party does not file a motion for demurrer nor move the court to demur. Rather, a demurrer is a particular type of pleading and demurring is the act by which a party formally requests the court to dismiss a (claim) or the entire complaint. In lay terms, a judge who sustains a demurrer is saying that the law does not recognize a legal claim for the facts stated by the complaining party. If the judge a demurrer, the court is allowing the claim or case to proceed. In legal terms, the demurring party asserts that the complaint or does not amount to a legally valid claim, even if the factual allegations contained in the complaint or counterclaim are accepted as true. Usually, a demurrer attacks a complaint as missing one or more required elements of a claim. Those elements are usually attacked by showing that the plaintiff failed to plead an essential element per se or facts that adequately support it (e.g., facts giving rise to an actionable duty running from the defendant to the plaintiff). Another method is to attack the entire cause of action itself as abolished or prohibited as against public policy (e.g., is against public policy in most jurisdictions). Demurrers are decided by a judge rather than a. The judge either grants the demurrer by sustaining it, or denies it by overruling the demurrer. If the demurrer is overruled, the defendant is ordered to file an answer within a certain period of time or else risk a. Once the answer is filed, then the case is said to be 'at issue' (because there are now a complaint and answer on file opposing each other with the parties' respective provisions), and the case proceeds to the stage. In the alternative, a judge may sustain a demurrer or without prejudice. With prejudice means the plaintiff cannot file another complaint attempting to fix insufficiencies of the previous complaint. If the demurrer is granted without prejudice and/or with leave to amend, then the plaintiff may correct errors filing a corrected and/or amended complaint. Demurrers sustained with prejudice are reserved for when the judge determines a plaintiff cannot cure or fix the complaint by rewriting or amending it. Depending upon the severity of the defect in a complaint, a court may sustain with prejudice on the first demurrer (very rare) or allow the plaintiff as many as three or four attempts before sustaining a demurrer to a third or fourth amended complaint with prejudice. Criminal cases [ ] In criminal cases, a demurrer may be used in some circumstances to challenge the legal sufficiency of the or other similar. Traditionally, if the defendant could admit every allegation of the indictment and still be innocent of any crime, then a general demurrer would be sustained and the indictment would be dismissed. A special demurrer refers to an attack on the form, rather than the substance, of the charge: if the defendant correctly identifies some defect 'on the face' of the indictment, then the charges are subject to being dismissed, although usually the indictment can be redrawn (rewritten) and re-presented to the or other charging authority. While there are different ways to accomplish the goals of a special demurrer, often an alternative method to challenge the sufficiency of the indictment is an attack on the 's case prior to trial, and is generally made by means of. England and Wales [ ] In civil law a demurrer as such is no longer available under the current. However, two similar procedures may be employed where claims without merit need to be expeditiously dismissed. First, an application on notice can be made for in favor of the objecting party. Second, the court has power to strike out the. To have a non-meritorious claim dismissed, however, the distinction between the two procedures is that when the Particulars of Claim are struck out, the claimant usually has another opportunity to file an amended Particulars of Claim, within, for example, four weeks, whereas Summary Judgment is final, though subject to appeal. In criminal law demurrer is obsolete, although not formally abolished. It has been superseded by the more modern, usually a verbal application to the judge to rule the null and void and to stop the case. (Demurrer was pleaded in writing). United States [ ] Federal courts [ ] In civil cases in the, the demurrer was expressly abolished by Rule 7(c) of the ('FRCP', also 'Federal Rules') when the FRCP went into effect on September 16, 1938. The demurrer was replaced by the Rule 12(b)(6) upon which relief can be granted. The demurrer was abolished after American lawyers realized that the pleadings should frame only those issues that will be actively litigated through motion practice once both sides have fully stated their positions and the case is at issue. Although the demurrer technically also framed the issues in a case, treating the demurrer as a pleading came to be seen as irrational because it was the only pleading that required an immediate hearing and ruling on its content (which consisted of an attack upon the complaint), while the complaint and the answer merely stated the respective positions of each side but did not require in and of themselves. Thus, it made sense that a discretionary attack upon the complaint that was already being drafted, calendared, heard, and ruled upon like a motion should simply be treated like one. Having purged the demurrer from federal courts, Rule 7(c) was deemed obsolete by the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules during the 2002–2007 FRCP revision cycle. It was therefore deleted from the version of the FRCP that went into effect on December 1, 2007. State courts [ ] A majority of U.S. States (approximately 35) have adopted civil procedure rules modeled after the Federal Rules and therefore have abolished the demurrer and replaced it with the motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. In, for example, demurrers are specifically prohibited. However, a demurrer can still be filed by the defendant in a minority of U.S. Demurrers are still used in and state court civil practice. In California, a demurrer must assume the truth of the facts alleged by the complaining party, but challenges the complaint as a matter of law. If a demurrer is sustained regarding the form of the complaint, leave to amend is liberally granted, and denial of leave to amend may constitute an abuse of discretion. Additionally, when children are removed from their parents and taken into foster care in California, the parents may challenge the sufficiency of the dependency complaint by means of a motion akin to demurrer, which operates similarly to a demurrer. However, demurrers are prohibited in California in other family law actions. Also in California, a demurrer is not said to be 'granted,' but is said to be 'sustained' or 'overruled.' An order sustaining a demurrer is not a readily appealable order unless it disposes of an entire action without leave to amend and results in a judgment. The term preliminary objection is used in to refer to all motions made after the filing of a complaint but before the filing of an answer; preliminary objections may be made 'in the nature of a demurrer' (seeking to dismiss a cause of action for legal insufficiency) or 'in the nature of a ' (seeking to remove parts of a pleading for failure to abide by the technical rules), as well as various other means. As with the traditional demurrer, preliminary objections are regarded as pleadings. Preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer are governed by Rule 1028(a)(4) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure. References [ ].
0 Comments
Jun 30, 2009. The seven-hour, critically acclaimed documentary miniseries follows four years in the lives of a diverse group of immigrants and refugees as they journey from. The series was executive-produced by Steve James (Hoop Dreams, Stevie) and Gordon Quinn, with Gita Saedi serving as series producer. Social & Political Issues in America: Resources in the Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley. Steve James and Full Frame programming director Sadie Tillery at the 2014 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival. Photograph by Charlotte Claypoole. “Twenty years ago, a thirty-minute short intended for television evolved into a nearly three-hour-long film, and made documentary history,” wrote programming director Sadie Tillery in the 2014 festival program. Hoop Dreams went on to win every major critics’ prize; the director and producer’s other award-winning films include Stevie, Reel Paradise, At the Death House Door, and The Interruptors, among others. The festival recently honored James with its annual Full Frame Tribute for his significant contribution to the documentary form. “He’s navigated rocky terrain over the last few decades: race and poverty, personal relationships and cycles of abuse, communities consumed by violence. James has proven he’s not one to sweep the untidy bits aside or gloss over complications; he knows intuitively that’s where the crux of a story lies.” In the following interview, which first appeared in the 2014 Full Frame program, James talks with Tory Jeffay, digital arts and publishing intern at the and one of the program’s editors, about gaining trust and access, navigating on- and off-camera relationships, and the origins and impact of his body of work. TJ: The film you’re probably still most known for is your first film,. What was the genesis of that initial film? How did you find the characters, Arthur and William? SJ: Well, it was serendipitous. I had just moved to Chicago, which has such a rich history of basketball, and I knew I wanted to make a film about what basketball means in African American culture. I grew up playing it, and it dawned on me when I was thinking about the film that something I had observed in my own basketball-playing career was that the game occupies a deeper and more resonant place in African American culture—a more central and important place. So the original idea was to get at what basketball means by looking at it through a single court in the city that had young dreamers like Arthur and William playing on it, and by talking to former players who had had some success but never made it to the NBA, maybe even a player in the NBA who had come off of that playground. We were only going to make a half-hour film—shoot for four weeks at most and have the whole thing done in six months. Clearly that didn’t work out. We were searching for a playground with this really interesting guy Earl Smith, going around looking at courts. He noticed Arthur, and he was very taken with his potential. And it’s a testament to Earl’s eye that here we were, me and my fellow producer Frederick Marx and producer/cinematographer Peter Gilbert, all of whom had played quite a bit of basketball, and we were like, “Who? Which one?” We did not see what he saw. Earl really zeroed in on Arthur—he said, “He’s young, but I can see his potential.” And there’s that line in the movie when he says, “You know, I’ll bet you a steak dinner that in four years you’ll be hearing about him.” We were fascinated with this process, which was what Earl did, so we latched onto that and thought this is interesting, we should start filming right now. And so almost immediately the idea of just focusing on a single playground was jettisoned in favor of following a kid like Arthur, who was, when we met him, leaving his inner-city playground to try to make his dream come true at a suburban Catholic powerhouse basketball program. And we were on our way to the kind of epic endeavor that Hoop Dreams became. We filmed for four and a half years, almost five. And it took us seven and a half years, ultimately, to make a film that ended up being almost three hours long. TJ: I’m sure people are glad that it ended up being the three-hour epic it is. You talk about your films, at least films like Hoop Dreams and Stevie, as longitudinal, where you follow the characters for a sustained time. Were there other filmmakers out there making these types of films? Have you seen more filmmakers start making these films after the success of Hoop Dreams? SJ: An early inspiration for me was Michael Apted’s 28 Up. I was blown away by it, by the sheer ambition of it, by getting to see these people grow up literally before the cameras. I think that was something that came back to me once we started with Hoop Dreams. In Hoop Dreams, we caught these kids at an age where they were going through remarkable physical changes, and of course, there were all sorts of remarkable changes going on in their lives. While Hoop Dreams didn’t start this idea at all, I do think that it was extremely rare then for people to follow stories over extended periods of time. I think that Hoop Dreams may have inspired some filmmakers who wanted to do something similar, but I also think technology played a big role. Video made it much more practical and possible to even conceive of doing that film. When Hoop Dreams came out much was made in the press about how we had shot 250 hours of material. It was like, “Oh my god, I can’t believe you shot... Oh my god, 250 hours!” You know, today that would be... “Eh, no big deal.” Hoop Dreams might be the first film originated on video that was released in theaters. When we were making it, I never in a million years thought a film like that could be in theaters, if for no other reason than that it wasn’t shot on film. Every documentary, the few that would come out every year, were always on film. That used to be the tradition in documentary filmmaking—it was filmmaking. And it was not cheap. I think the other thing that is so appealing about following stories over time is regardless of what the story is, you get a sweep in the history of someone’s life and opportunities for genuine drama that are impossible to capture if you just go in and shoot for a short period of time, no matter how dramatic the person’s life is. Shooting over time allows for genuine, real, deeper, and I think, more compelling storytelling. And that’s at the heart of it. You’re not doing an issue-oriented film; what you’re doing is telling someone’s story. TJ: After Hoop Dreams you directed a couple of fiction films. Were you thinking of making the transition into fiction filmmaking? SJ: I started out wanting to be a fiction filmmaker. I really fell in love with movies, with the work of Stanley Kubrick and Arthur Penn and Jean Renoir and Alfred Hitchcock. But I had come to it from more of a journalistic background. As an undergraduate I had done a communications major and had worked at the public radio station affiliated with the university. I think my DNA just has a more journalistic bent. Documentary combined both those impulses. At least the kind of documentaries I wanted to make and have mostly made, which is documentaries that are stories. After Hoop Dreams I did get opportunities, more realistic opportunities, to pursue narrative filmmaking. It just so happens that the three films that I made after Hoop Dreams were sports biopics. I enjoyed making them, but I never got the chance to make a movie that was like the movies I fell in love with. I would still like to do a narrative film that I felt really proud of, but I no longer have a burning desire to make them, and that’s in part because I really love documentary. When I was working on narratives, I really missed the intimacy of documentary filmmaking. TJ: Your next film,, provides about as much intimacy as you could ask for. You narrate Hoop Dreams, we hear your voice, but we don’t ever see you on the screen. In Stevie, you’re frequently in front of the camera. How big a decision was it for you to put yourself in the film, involve yourself in the story? SJ: I didn’t start out wanting to be in the film. Peter Gilbert, who also worked with me on Hoop Dreams, and I were headed to southern Illinois for various functions related to the film. I hadn’t been there in ten years. When I was in grad school at Southern Illinois University, Stevie was my Little Brother, but I had had very minimal contact with him in those intervening years. A few letters back and forth. So I had this idea that while I was down there, I would go visit him and make a short film about the experience, incorporating my diary entries from when I was his Big Brother. When I left Illinois he was fourteen years old; when I came back, he was twenty-four. That’s a big difference. I talked to Stevie about making this film, and he was agreeable. And things sounded pretty good for him; I didn’t go down expecting anything particularly dramatic to be happening in his life. I knew I was going to be narrating the film, but I had no intention of being on-screen. So I go down there, and Peter was going to film it. Peter said, “You haven’t seen Stevie in ten years; I think I should film you seeing him.” I wasn’t sure, but he was like, “Look, let’s just do it. And then you don’t have to use it, but you have it.” I still had it in my mind that I wouldn’t be in the movie, but then things changed. Peter and I had taken a hiatus from shooting Stevie to make the film Prefontaine, and I came back determined to get back to documentary. When I called up, I found out that Stevie had just been arrested and charged with molestation. That was the moment when the decision about whether I would be in the film or not became really important. I felt like I needed to be in it because there was this ethical and moral complexity to the situation: I was both in his life and filming him in the midst of this tragic turn. But I wrestled with that decision. Ultimately, I felt that there was no other way for the film to take account of that without me being in front of the camera in some fashion, hopefully in a critical fashion. In other words, I had to treat myself—even though I’m the director and control what goes into the movie—with the same honesty with which I treated other people in the film. And so I succeeded to the point that a lot of people who’ve watched the movie really hate me [laughs]. They think, yes, you did exploit Stevie: You should never have made this movie, and I really dislike you. But up until a couple years ago I also received emails sent to the general Kartemquin address from people who had seen the movie, and they would talk a little bit about the film but then they would talk about their own “Stevie.” I’m proud of having done the film despite all the misgivings I and other people had. Stevie is without question the most honest film I’ve made, and that may seem funny to say because I make documentaries—you’d probably say, well, I hope they’re all honest. And they are. All of the films are honest, I attest, but there are degrees of honesty in everything. I feel with Stevie I reached for a level of candor in relation to the people I was filming, and in relation to myself, that I have not matched before or since. TJ: Stevie happened because you knew Stevie personally, but in most of your other films, you enter worlds that you most likely wouldn’t have access to if you weren’t there as filmmaker. How do you think about and negotiate your role as an outsider in these situations? SJ: Let me start with a little preamble about the difference between being an insider filmmaker and an outsider filmmaker, because I think we don’t have enough films being made by insiders, particularly in communities of color. There just are not enough filmmakers of color telling their own stories, telling the stories of their communities. It’s a travesty, frankly. I think it’s better in documentary than it is in any other part of the film business, without question, but we still don’t have enough voices. So I think when you’re an insider in a situation, you bring a history to the telling of a story that an outsider cannot appreciate. And it’s a perspective that, no matter how sensitive he or she is, an outsider cannot fully capture. Which is why I think Spike Lee’s Do the Right Thing, for instance, is a great film, because he comes to it from the vantage point of an insider telling the story of a community in Brooklyn like the ones he grew up in. But that doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t have outsiders telling stories. I believe that on artistic grounds, meaning I think that a part of what is appealing to many documentary filmmakers, certainly myself, is crossing borders—a desire to step outside of the community that I live in or grew up in and see the world, and try to do more than just be a tourist in that world, to understand something about that world. I think that’s a big part of what drives many documentary filmmakers to push themselves outside the comfort zone of what they know and to make the artistic experience one that’s an act of discovery. I think that’s something we should proclaim loudly and proudly. But then, that also raises questions of how to enter communities in ways that are sensitive to the fact that you are an outsider. My approach has always been to go into a situation and make it very clear that I don’t know anything, or that whatever I think I know is completely shallow and facile compared to what the people who live in that community know. I’m there to learn, and I think spending the time there is important. If you spend a couple of weeks or a month, or even sometimes many months, you will have one idea of what that community is and who the people you’re filming are. But if you spend more time there, and you do it in an open way, then I think you begin to understand some things. Being an outsider can actually serve your film because everything is new to you. On the Criterion Collection DVD of Hoop Dreams, when the scene comes up where the lights were turned off in his home, Arthur says something in the commentary track like, “I don’t know that I would have filmed that if it’d been up to me, because it’s not that unusual for that to happen to people in my neighborhood.” And he’s right. It happens all too frequently. But what makes that scene distinctive, and why it’s so important to the film that we made, is to us it wasn’t normal. It struck us as really awful. Just because you’ve made your peace with something that happens a lot in your community, that doesn’t make it less awful, and it had never happened to them, which made it all the more significant. So we felt that was something that needed to be in the film. That’s a small example, but it does show how, as an outsider, you might have a tendency to look at things with fresher eyes. And this is important: I always work with a small crew; there’s usually just three of us. My collaborators are incredibly talented, outgoing yet sensitive people. Dana Kupper, who has shot several of my films going back to Stevie, is just someone that people feel at ease with. Same with Peter, and Adam Singer whom I’ve worked with going back to Hoop Dreams, and Zak Piper, who’s been a producer and sound recordist on the last three films. You have to be a crew that your subjects enjoy being with, or believe me, they will find an excuse for not having you around! TJ: Do you typically show your subjects a film before it’s released or involve them in the editing process in any way? SJ: At, where I’ve done most all my documentaries starting with Hoop Dreams, we feel very strongly that the key subjects of a film should see it before it’s done. It’s a promise I make to them. I don’t make it to everybody because I don’t think everybody deserves that gesture. Either at the beginning or early on in the process I say: Look, you’re going to get a chance to see this movie before it’s done—and I’m not talking about showing it to you right as it’s done and then saying there’s nothing we can do if you don’t like it. You’re going to get to see it before it’s finished, but you have to understand, I’m not giving you editorial control in any form. What I am promising you is that I will listen to what you have to say and take it very seriously. Good, bad, I will address it in some way. Maybe I will say I can’t change that, but I will explain why. If I think there’s a way for the film to be changed but still express what I want it to express, and it is more true to what you think or felt, then I will try to find a solution. Sometimes the process goes very smoothly and subjects have little they want to discuss. Other times, it can get pretty testy: say, when the portrayal of a subject has some warts to it. The most extensive vetting I’ve done happened with John and Janet Pierson on. They are both extremely sophisticated film people, and so they looked at the film from both a deeply personal place and a professional one in discussing it with me. That was a unique experience. But every film I’ve done has become better as a result of these discussions. I think that during filming people are more relaxed about what they say and what they do, because they know that the opportunity to talk about things is going to happen down the road. Because what I’m saying is, I’m not hiding anything, I don’t have some other agenda. It’s a trust-building thing. Paradoxically, though it’s not really paradoxical at all, I’ve found that the more subjects feel some measure of control in this process, the more they open up and actually share the real thing of their lives. It’s when people don’t at base really trust you that they’re not going to share. TJ: As you’re working with these subjects—I’m thinking specifically of now—how do you know when to show up? I imagine there were things you wanted to film that you didn’t manage to get. SJ: Yeah, you always miss stuff. The arc of the shooting process across all the films I’ve done, almost without exception, has been to feel like I’m missing all this hugely important stuff early on because I haven’t found the rhythm with the story or the people. With The Interrupters, it was hard because my creative partner and producer Alex Kotlowitz and I were on call. The “interrupters” themselves were on call, and we were next—if they chose to call us. Sometimes they didn’t, and we’d find out about it later, and we’d be like, “That would’ve been fine! Why didn’t you call us?” Or sometimes they would call, and we didn’t have our phones by our beds, and we’d be kicking ourselves. I mean there were all kinds of things that went wrong early on, but I think what happens, as you go along and you develop more of a rapport and a trust, is that things just start to click. With just about every film I’ve done, the best stuff starts happening about halfway through the process because you’re in a different place than you were in the beginning. Ameena, this dynamo of a person, wasn’t sure she wanted to be in the film, and for a long time she held back. We’d done one interview with her that was great, and we’d captured one mediation in the streets that was great. And then she decided, well, you don’t need anymore; you’ve got it. And we were like, “You don’t understand, no, no. We’re telling your story, and we’re doing this for a year.” She just didn’t get it. She wouldn’t return our calls, and she wouldn’t pick up once she knew it was my phone. The first time Alex called she picked up, but then she didn’t pick up the next time he called. She wasn’t going to be fooled again. And it was tough. Then at a certain point, because her husband had played basketball and loved Hoop Dreams, she says to me, “Okay, Steve, I need to see Hoop Dreams. And what else you got? Just give me some of your films. I need to see some of this stuff.” And she told Alex to give her one or two of his books. She called me up on a Monday and said, “Okay, I watched all these films over the weekend.” I said, “All of them?” And she goes, “Yeah, I watched them all. I get it now. I get it, what you guys are trying to do. I see now why you want more, but also I see what it is that you care about, the stories you want to tell. TJ: So many of your documentaries have been made with Kartemquin Films. What does that collaboration look like? SJ: Gordon Quinn and Kartemquin quite literally took us non-experienced filmmakers under their wing with Hoop Dreams. We had no track record, and generated no money for several years: We quite simply could not have made the film without them. Gordon didn’t just bring Peter into the project, which led to Peter and I working together on several other films over the years, he also served as a true creative executive producer on Hoop Dreams. He spent many hours conducting a master class on documentary editing when we really needed the help. It’s a role he has continued to play in virtually all my films, along with sometimes acting as cinematographer and producer as well. Kartemquin is a unique cultural institution in Chicago, and it continues to nurture new filmmakers, and help old ones like me, in myriad ways both practical and creative. They’ve been instrumental to my success, so I’ll keep coming back as long as they’ll have me. TJ: In a way there are definite themes in your films—sports, social justice, Chicago—but there’s also a lot of variety. Is there something specific that attracts you to a story? SJ: I think there are certain things that continue to crop up in each of the films, primarily because I’m very interested in individual lives that ultimately have something larger to say. I’m interested in looking at people’s lives closely and intimately, but I find that the lives that fascinate me the most, or rather the stories that fascinate me the most, have real resonance on a larger level. With Hoop Dreams these two boys want to chase the dream of basketball, but it’s ultimately a story about the elusiveness of the American Dream if you’re poor and black. Stevie started out as a portrait of the kid to whom I was once a Big Brother, but it ended up being, for me, a film that at its heart is about what we do with the people who are thrown away by society. What is our responsibility to them? I’m not a polemical person, and I try not to make films that are polemical because I don’t think that’s who I am, or how the world works—I don’t believe it’s the way to reach people. I’ve been thrilled by the tremendous impact that The Interrupters has had beyond anything I would have imagined, and I think that’s in part because we don’t pull any punches about what it’s like to live in a besieged community. But it’s not a polemic about violence. In fact some people watch the film and want that. They’ll stand up at a Q&A and ask, where’s the trenchant analysis? In a film like The Interrupters, you hear what Eddy has to say, and what Cobe has to say, and especially what Ameena has to say. You get the analysis, but it may not be delivered in a way people are used to seeing and sometimes want to see it. But it’s there. TJ: I can’t end without asking about the Roger Ebert film []. You organized a crowdfunding campaign to make it, and CNN is on board. When the film premiered at Sundance, you streamed it live to your supporters. You’ve done a lot of community outreach and programming for your other films. Do you see this as an evolution in how documentaries make it out into the world? SJ: I think increasingly crowdsourcing will be a component, and in some cases it’ll be the only way that some films get made. It’s not a practical way to fund most films, certainly not films that can’t be done really inexpensively, because it’s hard work. But while it is hard work, I think what it does is two things: It gives filmmakers more autonomy in terms of making the films they want to make because they’re not as beholden to private funders or broadcasters who may have demands. And it is also a great way to build a community for your film because you’re getting people to invest, not just financially, in what you’re doing. They have a stake in seeing what becomes of a film, and they have the sense of having helped. In that regard, that’s what we’re doing with the Ebert film. We see it as a way to build community, which is so totally in keeping with who Roger Ebert was. He really was proud of being in Chicago, but he wasn’t just Chicago’s critic. He was a national critic and had a very populist view of film. When he could no longer speak, when the Internet became his voice, he reinvented himself there, and we’re all the better for it. So this idea of streaming the film and doing a crowdsourced funding campaign seems in keeping with the way Roger engaged with the public and with film. TJ: Does it feel like you’ve come full circle to be making a film about someone who was such a champion of your first film, Hoop Dreams? SJ: Yes, I mean it’s such a sort of poetic turn of events for me. Like you said, there was no greater champion of Hoop Dreams than Roger. So when the opportunity came along to make this film, I leaped at it. The idea that this is the twentieth anniversary of Hoop Dreams coming out and to have this film about Roger... Well, it couldn’t be better. I just wish he were here with us still, for everyone who followed him and read him and cared about him—and selfishly, so he could see the film. Welcome, friends! Check the top of the subreddit for a request thread Search By Topic Arts: • • • • History: • • Politics: • • Science (Hard): • • • Science (Social): • • • • • War: • • • • • • Misc: • • • • • • • • Community guidelines • Posting format: Title (year) - 'optional short description' [HH:MM] Length and a [CC] tag is strongly encouraged. Correct title and year of release are mandatory. [Trailer] tag is mandatory for trailers • No reposting within 3 months • This is a free speech zone. Don't like it? Don't click it. But don't be a jackass. • Please upvote if it adds to intelligent discussion, downvote if it doesn't. • Soliciting for donations or linking to your own YouTube channel is annoying and prohibited. • Documentaries only. The following are not considered documentaries on this subreddit: TV news, articles, interviews, lectures, amateur home videos, mockumentaries, biopics, and vlogs. • Mods reserve the right to apply the don't be a jackass rule. Please be respectful to other users. If they're wrong, tell them why! Personal attacks or comments that insult, demean or threaten users will be removed and result in bans. • No file lockers, torrents or linkjacking: site must stream video. • Any brigading or continual harassment of one user against another may result in a ban. Always message the mods instead of attacking users in public. • If your submission is popular, please don't delete it. Respect the community, and do not consign their comments to the memory hole. • 'I have decided to stick with love. Hate is too great a burden to bear.' MLK Related subreddits • • • •. Performing image editing and applying picture effects to any image is a time consuming exercise that is fit only for an avid photoshop user. If you’re looking for a quick and professional picture effects online service, then PhotoFunia is the solution you’ve been looking for. With PhotoFunia you can edit photos online for free in a matter of seconds resulting in high quality photo collages. Not only you can edit pics online for free you can also have much fun doing so, by sharing them with your family and friends. So what are you waiting for? Start editing pictures online with PhotoFunia for free today. Categorie • (13) • (27) • (22) • (35) • (19) • (38) • (18) • (1) • (125) • (9) • (1) • (7) • (1) • (6) • (16) • (1) • (14) • (1) • (1) • (51) • (122) • (64) • (1) • (7) • (5) • (23) • (1) • (5) • (5) • (20) • (12) • (10) • (15) • (53) • (28) • (34) • (11) • (22) • (1) • (10) • (40) • (19) • (102) • (1) • (5) • (59) • (3) • (68) • (14) • (13) • (17) • (22) • (1157) • (968) • (3) • (2) • (8) • (4) • (2) • (24) • (1) • (6) • (3) • (41) • (3) • (8) • (29) • (4) • (34) • (72) • (20) • (11) • (124) • (235) • (3) • (1) • (36) • (4) • (27) • (4) • (2) • (3) • (66) • (44) • (31) • (20). Archivi • (23) • (28) • (36) • (24) • (36) • (27) • (14) • (30) • (31) • (33) • (12) • (42) • (23) • (34) • (32) • (16) • (23) • (56) • (10) • (21) • (18) • (21) • (12) • (26) • (22) • (43) • (21) • (26) • (19) • (53) • (23) • (26) • (40) • (70) • (1) • (2) • (2) • (1) • (1) • (3) • (1) • (12) • (7) • (2) • (1) • (13) • (9) • (10) • (6) • (1) • (12) • (9) • (11) • (9) • (4) • (9) • (15) • (6) • (1) • (12) • (14) • (10) • (24) • (14) • (24) • (16) • (13) • (14) • (24) • (39) • (8) • (13) • (9) • (57) • (24) • (7) • (34) • (25) • (29) • (35) • (60) • (49) • (44) • (38) • (40) • (99). Creare fotomontaggi direttamente online senza scaricare nulla! Photomontages online quick and simple to use. Free!| See more ideas about Html, World and Texts. Programmi di grafica per fotoritocco (paint software) Ritoccare immagini e foto, modifica immagini multiple, modifica immagini batch. We DO NOT TOLERATE child pornography or anything illegal. This site has adult content! If you are under 18 years of age please LEAVE this site immediately! Cuestix DVD's 'The Color of Money' - movie Cuestix DVD's 'The Color of Money' - movie. Item: WYF89 / Model: DVDCOM. Add to Favorites. Regarded as one of the greatest pool movies of all times; Stars Paul Newman and Tom Cruise; DVD's 'The Color of Money' - movie. 34.98 $34.98. Tags The Reader 3gp, Mp4, HD Mp4 video, Download The Reader 3gp Video, Download The Reader Mp4 Video Download, Download The Reader HD mp4 Video, The Reader Video Songs, The Reader Movie Video Song, The Reader bollywood movie video, 3gp The Reader video Download, mp4 The Reader hindi. Date Released: 9 January 2009 Quality: DVDRip Country: USA, Germany Starring: Kate Winslet, David Kross Genre: Drama| Romance >> Storyline MOVIE THE READER THE READER opens in post-WWII Germany when teenager Michael Berg becomes ill and is helped home by Hanna, a stranger twice his age. Michael recovers from scarlet fever and seeks out Hanna to thank her. The two are quickly drawn into a passionate but secretive affair. Michael discovers that Hanna loves being read to and their physical relationship deepens. Hanna is enthralled as Michael reads to her from “The Odyssey,” “Huck Finn” and “The Lady with the Little Dog.” Despite their intense bond, Hanna mysteriously disappears one day and Michael is left confused and heartbroken. Eight years later, while Michael is a law student observing the Nazi war crime trials, he is stunned to find Hanna back in his life – this time as a defendant in the courtroom. As Hanna’s past is revealed, Michael uncovers a deep secret that will impact both of their lives. THE READER is a story about truth and reconciliation, about how one generation comes to terms with the crimes of another >> THE READER MOVIE TRAILER >> DOWNLOAD MOVIE THE READER ———————————— Incoming Searches: the reader movie free download mp4| download film my heart indonesia| the reader mp4 movie download| many a little romance full movie eng sub| the reader 3gp movie free download| the reader movie mp4 free download| The reader mp4|. Add to Favorites • Practice in a Realistic Simulation of the Software Hundreds of Learning Topics 4 to 8 Hours of Training per Course Realistic Simulations Beginner to Advanced Topics Self-Paced Learning Objectives Introductions and Summaries Interactive Exercises Prof • Learn to use the features of Microsoft Windows 10, the completely redesigned version of Microsoft's popular operating system. Build your skills quickly and easily with interactive tutorials and lessons for beginning to advanced users. • Learn how to work with Files and Folders Explore the new Print Features Organizing your workspace with Multiple Desktops Adding and changing User Accounts Using Windows 10 on Touch Devices Understanding Gestures Managing Multiple Windows. Add to Favorites • Features: Download and convert FLV videos from YouTube to iPad video formats of 720p H.264 HD video, H.264 video and MPEG4 with fast speed without another downloader. • Extract audios from downloaded YouTube FLV videos to iPad music format MP3 or WMA. Convert FLV files from your local computer to iPad videos and move them into iPad. • Download or convert a batch of tasks simultaneously with good performance. On the website browser, right click on the source video you intend to download and choose to download it with Xilisoft YouTube to iPad Converter. Add to Favorites • Key Features: Support all common video formats including AVI, 3GP and FLV 2 etc. Fully compatible with all DVD Burners such as Samsung, etc. Support DVD-5 and DVD-9; supported. Support burning ISO file. Super fast burning speed. • Support movie cropping, allow you to crop the video file to cut the black edges off. Support movie trimming, you can trim your video to capture your favorite video clips. • Support effect adjustment, you can set the parameters of brightness, contrast, Saturation and volume. All encoders and decoders are built-in, all-in-one video editor and DVD burner. Add to Favorites • As the best video downloader, it enables you to download and save any online videos, playlists, and channels from more than 10,000 popular websites, like YouTube, Vimeo, Facebook, Dailymotion, Metacafe, Vevo, Yahoo, TED, AOL, Worldstar Hip Hop, CBS. • This professional video downloader will download any format movie and music video from YouTube and other sites to play on your player. • 1080p HD video is not clear enough for your Apple TV? Then take this 4K video downloader to download 4K video from YouTube and other video sites. Add to Favorites • Features: Queue up multiple tasks and the YouTube to iPod converter will process them simultaneously. A built-in browser is provided to browse and search for YouTube videos, then simply drag and drop the videos for download. • Start downloading and converting YouTube videos directly from Internet Explorer' s right-click menu. Set the proxy server in the program to start downloading YouTube videos. • Set the priority level, max tasks and download speed. Add as many YouTube videos as you want and download and convert the YouTube videos to iPod MP4. Add to Favorites • New features: Improved the stability and compatibility of certain recorders. Ability to set the default TV standard in accordance with the user' s current country or region during installation. • Key features: As multithreading and multi-core processing provided, this DVD creator offers >200% converting speed to burn DVD movie in the simplest way. • Select a menu template to make an attractive DVD menu and personalize DVD menu by adding background music/picture, menu title and opening film. Reissued in the new DoDI 5025.01, “DoD Issuances Program” format standards at a later date. Of Purchased Items are part of ISO 9001, clause 7.4 Purchasing), the System Audit method should be used. Review the QMS procedures against the applicable QMS checklist for adequacy. ISO Auditor 9001 Position Description We are seeking an individual to fill our Federal ISO 9001:2015 Quality Lead position. The individual who fills this position will be joining a dynamic team with an established collaborative management approach. We are seeking a dedicated, disciplined, individual who works well independently and in a team environment that possess quality and process improvement experience. This individual will have demonstrated that they have managed and implemented ISO 9001 quality system programs, including conducting internal ISO audits. This individual must be able to effectively communicate and influence stakeholders at multiple levels across our Federal Strategic Business Unit. Strong analytical skills, attention to detail, and the ability to adapt to a dynamic environment are essential to succeeding in this role. This individual must display strong leadership skills and be able to drive and motivate stakeholders to achieve ISO 9001 quality and process improvement goals. The ISO quality system duties require travel to locations across the US to support contractual ISO 9001 program requirements, given stakeholders are Department of State (DoS) Passport Offices, Department of Justice (DoJ) Mailroom facilities and several Department of Defense (DoD) Offices. The other duties are performed at our Fairfax, VA office or other designated Federal office. Our 40 years of continuous profitable growth is a testament to the confidence our clients place in us, to the commitment of our members, and to the sound business model and sustaining principles on which we were founded. Seeking the best equilibrium among our stakeholders For our clients CGI strives to be recognized by our clients as their partner and expert of choice. Our track record of outstanding delivery, combined with our industry expertise, end-to-end services and IP-based solutions, help deliver significant value to clients’ mission-critical and transformative work. For our members CGI strives to be recognized by our professionals, whom we call members, as an exciting environment in which to build a career and company we can be proud of. Our members derive their greatest satisfaction from helping our clients succeed, and are passionate about supporting the well-being of the communities in which we live and work. For our shareholders CGI strives to be recognized by our shareholders as a well-managed, financially strong company providing superior returns. In fact, since our initial public offering in 1986, we have provided an average return of 19%. Learn more about our performance in the investors section. Rugby League Live 4 - World Cup Edition. Looking for the Free GTA 5 Money Hack, Cheats and Glitch Tools & Codes? If so welcome to the the Official GTA5-CHEATS.ONLINE, here you will learn How To Hack GTA. Aug 18, 2014. Most of us (who have played this game before) don't want to play the whole story again or don't want to collect money by killing or doing mission. This save game is for these people. Savegame is a file which contains all the info about you in game. It has the info of missions, which missions are completed,. Five years ago Carl Johnson escaped from the pressures of life in Los Santos, San Andreas. A city tearing itself apart with gang trouble, drugs and corruption. Where filmstars and millionaires do their best to avoid the dealers and gangbangers. Now, it's the early 90s. Carl's got to go home. His mother has been murdered, his family has fallen apart and his childhood friends are all heading towards disaster. On his return to the neighborhood, a couple of corrupt cops frame him for homicide. CJ is forced on a journey that takes him across the entire state of San Andreas, to save his family and to take control of the streets. Browse for free 2000+ Quality Islamic Books, Journals, Articles and Multimedia in multiple languages. Learn about Islam and the Muslim peoples. Understand Sunni & Shia. Overview of Suhrawardi Maqtul, including Ibn Sina, Neoplatonism, Sufism, Henry Corbin, Hossein Ziai, Sipasiyan; Suhrawardi ishraqi teaching. Contents [] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Author's Introduction All praise and thanks are due to Allah. We praise and give thanks to Him. We seek His aid and ask for His forgiveness, and we seek Allah's refuge from the evil of ourselves and from our evil actions. Whomsoever Allah guides then none can misguide him, and whomsoever He misguides then none can guide him. I bear witness that none has the right to be worshipped except Allah, alone, having no partner, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His slave and His Messenger. To proceed: This is a concise book which contains forty authentic ahadith from the fine sayings of the Chosen Prophet ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) which I gathered as a reminder for myself and my brothers. They contain guidance for cultivation of souls, purification of the hearts and refinement of character. I myself have added nothing except a few words to explain and clarify anything unclear, to provide chapter headings showing the connection between the ahadith, and further brief notes. It will not be unknown to any of the people that the noble Religion of Islam has given great importance, and directed full attention in many of the texts of the Book and the Sunnah, to building the personality of the Muslim and directing it in accordance with the essential teachings of Islam and its fundamentals and requirements. The major incentive which led me to compile and compose this work was that I saw that many of those who attach themselves to Islam, and call to Allah, are actually far removed from the Islamic personality in both essence and outward manner and appearance. We ask Allah to protect and grant us safety. This being the case I thought it was essential to compile this treatise so that it could be a firm and strong nucleus for the Muslim to initiate his Islamic life, to know the true way, follow it and call to it. Particularly since the Prophet ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) has indicated this reality with his saying: 'For every action there is a period of enthusiasm / activity, and for every period of enthusiasm / activity there is a period of rest / inactivity. So he whose period of rest / inactivity is in accordance with my Sunnah then he is rightly guided, but he whose period of rest / inactivity accords with other than this, then he is destroyed.' So I write this book for the enthusiastic Muslim youth who does not find, whilst swimming in the ocean of enthusiasm and excitement, the helping hand of one who knows the poison and is aware of the cure, one who can guide him to the correct way and correct thinking so that these youths can be with their minds and thoughts like the Companions of the Prophet ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) since they were also youths, but: 'They were youths, yet mature youths, their eyes fresh and free of evil, their feet refrained from approaching falsehood and futility. They sacrificed and expended themselves in worship and in withholding themselves from sleep. They sold their souls which were to pass away for souls which would never die. Allah saw them in the latter part of the night, bending their backs, reciting the Qur'an. Whenever one of them came to an Ayah mentioning Paradise, he would weep, longing for it. Whenever he came upon an Ayah mentioning the fire he would groan out of fear, as if the Hellfire were directly in front of him. The earth devoured their knees their hands and their foreheads. They joined exhaustion in the night with exhaustion in the day. Their colour becoming yellowed and their bodies emaciated through standing long in prayer and frequent fasting – whilst they regarded their own actions to be negligible before Allah. They fulfilled their covenant with Allah and attained Allah's promise.' Jamarah Khutab al-'Arab (2/475) of Ahmad Zakiy Safwat So let us all hasten to be like them, and to resemble them since the affair is as it was said: 'We are not in comparison to those who came before except like small herbs growing beside the trunks of tall palm trees.' Al-Muwaddih li Awhamil-Jam' wa't-Tafriq (1/5) of Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi And as Ibn Al-Mubarak said: 'Do not mention us whilst mentioning them, the fit and healthy when he walks is not like the crippled.' Ibn Rajab quotes it from him in Fadl 'Ilm as-Salaf 'alal-Khalaf (page 59 of the edition with my checking) I have sought in choosing these ahadith to gather those which are the most comprehensive, but the Islamic Personality will not be completed until the person follows and implements the Religion ( Din) of Allah the One free of all imperfections, and the Most High says: 'O you who believe! Enter into Islam perfectly (completely).' Al-Qur'an 2:208 I have strived to mention the source references for each hadith along with a statement about its authenticity, as demanded by the science of hadith whilst avoiding unnecessarily going into great length or falling short of what is necessary. So I tried to be as brief as is fitting for a book of this size, and only rarely speaking at more length when it was essential. So if Allah guides me to and grants me that which is correct in what I intended then that is from the completeness of His blessings, but if the result is otherwise and I hope it is not the case, then I ask Allah for His forgiveness and His Mercy. Indeed He is the One who hears and responds, and our final call is that all praise and thanks are for Allah, Lord of all the Worlds. 'Ali Hasan 'Ali-Hamid al-Halabi al-Athari 11th Rajab 1408H, Az-Zarqa (Jordan) 28 February 1988 Purity and Sincerity of Intention From 'Umar ibn al-Khattab ( radhiallahu 'anhu) who said that Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: 'Actions are but by intentions and there is for every person only that which he intended. So he whose migration was for Allah and His Messenger, then his migration was for Allah and His Messenger, and he whose migration was to attain some worldly goal or to take a woman in marriage, then his migration was for that which he migrated.' Reported by Al-Bukhari (English Translation Volume 1 Page 1 No. 1) and Muslim (Eng. 3, page 1056, no. 4692) So the pillar of actions is pure and sincere intention, and through purity of intention the hearts become upright and at rest, and through it the person comes to know the right way in his Religion, thus he does everything in the proper manner. Through purity of intention alone will he come to know of the obligations upon him and the rights due to him. Through it he will behave justly in all affairs and will give everything its due right, not going beyond bounds or falling short of the mark. So this hadith is one of the ahadith which are the pillars of correct understanding of our upright and true religion. So when the Muslim servant clearly realises what he has preceded then it becomes obligatory upon him that he should, without any hesitation, surround his sincere intention with the protective barrier for the Islamic Personality which is. Distinctness From Ibn 'Umar ( radhiallahu 'anhuma) who said that Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: 'I have been sent before the Hour so that Allah alone should be worshipped without any partner for Him, and my provision has been placed beneath the shade of my spear, and subservience and humiliation have been placed upon those who disobey my orders, and whoever imitates a people then he is one of them.' Reported by Ahmad (no. 5114) and others with hasan (good) isnad (chain of narration). I have spoken about it in more detail in my footnotes to Al-Hikam al-Jadirah bil-Idha'ah (pg. 1-3) of Ibn Rajab The Muslim has a distinct personality with it's own special nature and particular outlook and manner. It is distinct in its appearance, its nature, its creed ( 'aqidah), its orientation and direction faced in Prayer, and in all its affairs. By being distinct as Muslims we preserve our Islam and our call in a clear and pure form, free from any adulteration and mistakes. However the Muslim whilst being distinct does not depart from. Justice and Being Justly Balanced From Abu Hurayrah ( radhiallahu 'anhu) who said that Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: 'Love the one whom you love to a certain degree (moderately), perhaps one day he will be someone for whom you have hatred, and hate the one for whom you have hatred to a certain degree (moderately), perhaps one day he will be one whom you love.' Reported by At-Tirmidhi (no. 1997) and others by way of Suwayd ibn 'Amr al-Kalbi: Hammad ibn Salamah narrated to us from Ayyub as-Sakhtiyani from Muhammad ibn Sirin from him. This isnad is Sahih (authentic) if Allah wills, it does not contain anyone needing examination except for Suwayd and he is declared reliable by a group of the scholars and this is the preferred view of Al-Hafidh Ibn Hajar. The hadith is also declared authentic by a group of scholars such as Al-Hafidh Al-Iraqi in Takhrij al-Ihya (2/186), Al-Munawi in Al-Fayd (1/177), Az-Zubaydi in Al-Ittihaf (6/233) and others, and is further clarified in Ghayat al-Maram (no. 472) of Shaykh Al-Albani The Muslim is justly balanced in his loving and his hating. He is just both when giving and when taking and is moderate in all of that. His being justly balanced is one of the signs of his Religion and the Shari'ah. So he is not one who goes beyond the limits, nor one who falls short of what is required. Furthermore the Muslim does not derive this quality of being justly balanced from his intellect and desires, nor from his own opinion or other than this, rather he takes it from the Book of Allah, the One free of all imperfections. 'Thus we have made you a justly balanced nation, that you be witnesses over mankind and the Messenger be a witness over you.' Al-Qur'an 2:143 Being justly balanced is not an easy matter, indeed many of those who call out and declare it, desire only to water matters down and compromise. So for a person to be truly justly balanced as ordered by Allah is not, as I have said, easy, rather it requires. Striving Against One's Desires From Al-'Ala ibn Ziyad who said: A man asked 'Abdullah ibn 'Amr ibn al-'As, saying: Which of the Believers is best in his Islam? He replied: 'He from whose tongue and hand the Muslims are safe.' He asked: Then what is the best Jihad? He replied: 'He who strives against his own self and desires for Allah.' He asked: Then which of those who migrates (performs hijrah) is best? He replied: 'He who strives against his own self and desires for Allah.' He asked: Is it something you have said O 'Abdullah ibn 'Amr, or Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam)? He said: 'Rather Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said it.' Reported by Ibn Nasr al-Marwazi in Ta'zim Qadris Salat (no. 639) So striving against ones own self is one of the highest and most valuable means of increasing ones eeman and causing the servant to draw closer to his Lord, the One free of all imperfections. Concerning this He the Blessed and Most High says: 'As for those who strive hard in Us (Our Cause), We will surely guide them to Our Paths (i.e. Allah's Religion).' Al-Qur'an 29:69 So a Muslim's striving against his own self and his desires causes his spirit to rise higher, his iman to increase and his soul to become purified. Furthermore this striving crowns the Muslim with a very great crown worn in his life, which is. Gentleness From Abu Hurayrah ( radhiallahu 'anhu) who said that Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: 'Indeed Allah is gentle and loves gentleness, and gives due to gentleness that which He does not give to harshness.' Reported by Ibn Majah (no. 3688) and Ibn Hibban (no. 549) So through gentleness hearts become united in friendship and love, and good becomes widespread. Whereas through its opposite ill feelings and distrust prevails and people forsake one another. But gentleness facilitates. Returning to the Truth From Ibn 'Abbas ( radhiallahu 'anhuma) who said that Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: 'There is no believing servant except that he has a sin which he commits from time to time, or a sin in which he persists in and does not abandon until he leaves this world. Indeed the Believer was created as one who is frequently tried and tested, who often repents (then) forgets. When he is admonished he accepts the admonition.' Reported by At-Tabarani in Al-Mu'jamul Kabir (no. 11,810) its chain of narration is hasan So it is as is said: Returning to the truth is a virtue whereas continuing in falsehood is despicable. Returning to the truth elevates a person and raises his rank, both with Allah and the people. Indeed it is only Satan who makes it appear to the people that returning to the truth is a defect and a slight to one's honour. This is one of the deceptions and tricks employed by Iblis. A person returning to the truth and not being too proud to accept it places him in an ideal position to appreciate. Responsibility From 'Umar ( radhiallahu 'anhu) who said that Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: 'Each of you is a guardian and is responsible for those whom he is in charge of. So the ruler is a guardian and is responsible for his subjects; a man is the guardian of his family and is responsible for those under his care; a woman is a guardian of her husband's home and is responsible for those under her care; a servant is the guardian of his master's wealth and is responsible for that which he is entrusted with; and a man is the guardian of his father's wealth and is responsible fore what is under his care. So each one of you is a guardian and is responsible for what he is entrusted with.' }Reported by Al-Bukhari (Eng. 252) and Muslim (Eng. 4496) So if everyone from this Ummah knew his own position and worth, and realised the responsibility upon him and did not seek to overstep it and take on the responsibilities of others and he carried out the obligations which this placed upon him, then that would be a comprehensive and universal good and a very great treasure through which safety and security would become widespread. Along with this something that is a feature of the Islamic Personality is. The Muslim Seeks to Make Excuses for Other Muslims From Sa'ad ibn 'Ubadah ( radhiallahu 'anhu) who said that Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: ' and there is no one who loves to accept an excuse more than Allah, and because of this he sent the bringers of good news and the warners. ' Reported by Al-Bukhari (Eng. 512) and Muslim (Eng. 3572) So a Muslim seeking to make an excuse for his brother and those whom he loves will cause good will to spread instead of antagonism, and will bring about ties of relationship instead of estrangement. Since if Allah, He who is free of all imperfections, grants excuse, and He is the Creator and the Most Great, then how can you O servant of Allah, a weak creation of his, not seek to make excuse for others? Rather as is said: Seek an excuse for your brother (some people quote this as being a hadith but it has no basis as such). Likewise there is the saying: the believers seek to make excuses for others, whereas the hypocrites hope for the downfall of others. So the fact that the Muslim seeks to excuse his brothers emphasises that. The Muslim does not Harbour Envy From Ibn Mas'ood ( radhiallahu 'anhuma) who said that Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: 'There is to be no envy except with regard to two [See Fath al-Bari (1/167)]: A man whom Allah has given wealth which he strives to spend righteously, and a man to whom Allah has given the Wisdom (i.e. The Qur'an) and he acts according to it and teaches it to others.' Reported by Al-Bukhari (Eng. 73) If he were to have envy of the people he would hope for their downfall in order to satisfy the pride that he has in himself, his vanity and the conceitedness of his mind. So he (the Muslim) knows that envy is a dangerous disease and a harmful evil and therefore keeps away from it. As for the envy which is accepted from that which is sinful, then it is envy which does not cause the person to be afflicted by the sickness of wishing for that blessing to leave the other person. Rather he supplicates to his Lord, the One free of all imperfections, for his brother; that Allah should protect him, and for himself; that Allah should make him like him. As for that which is at variance with this, then it is blameworthy and to be condemned [Refer to the treatise Dhamm al-Hasad wa Ahlihi of Ibn al-Qayyim with my footnotes and checking]. So this emphasises that fact that the Muslim is one who is. Following and Applying Divine Guidance From Umm ad-Darda ( radhiallahu 'anha) who said: I said to Abu Darda ( radhiallahu 'anhu): Will you not seek for things to entertain your guests just as others seek for things for their guests? So he replied: I heard Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) say: 'Ahead of you is a steep mountain which will not be surmounted by those who are overburdened.' So I wish to lighten my load for that ascent! It is reported by Al-Hakim (4/574), Al-Bayhaqi in Shu'ab al-Iman and others and its chain of narration is sahih So the Muslim follows and applies divine guidance in all his affairs. This world to him is merely a passage to the hereafter and he has no attachment to it except for that which is essential in order to meet his needs and preserve himself. But as for this world diverting most of his attention and being the goal which he seeks after, thinking that what he is doing is good, then this is not from the character or characteristics of the Muslim. So how strange is the case of the people who waste the prime of their lives and expend their youth submerged in worldly actions, thinking they are doing good. This is indeed something from Satan, made alluring by him. So how are there people able to do this when it is the case that. The Muslim Has No Free Time From Ibn 'Abbas ( radhiallahu 'anhuma) who said that Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: 'There are two blessings which many people lose: health and free time.' Reported by Al-Bukhari (Eng. 421) So how can one who has no free time preoccupy himself with this world? How can one whose time is filled experience free time? So consider, may Allah have Mercy upon you, what one of the scholars said about one an Imam: 'I was a neighbour of his at the school in Cairo, my house was above his house. For twelve years, I did not awake on any night, at any hour of the night except that I noticed candle light in his house and he was occupied with knowledge. Even when he was eating, his books would be with him and he was occupied with them.' [ Bustan al-'Arifin (p. 79) of An-Nawawi] From those things upon which the Muslim personality is built is. The Muslim's Piety and Self Restraint From An-Nu'man ibn Bashir ( radhiallahu 'anhu) who said that I heard Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) say: 'That which is lawful is clear, and that which is forbidden is clear, and between them are doubtful matters about which many of the people have no knowledge. So whoever avoids doubtful matters saves his Religion and his honour, and whoever falls into doubtful matters falls into what is forbidden. Just like a shepherd who grazes (his sheep) near to a private pasture (of another), he will soon stray on to it. Indeed for every king there is a private preserve. Indeed the preserve of Allah are those things which He has forbidden. Indeed there is a piece of flesh in the body which if it is good, then the whole body is good, but if it is corrupt then the whole body is corrupt. Indeed it is the heart.' Reported by Al-Bukhari (Eng. 49) and Muslim (Eng. 3882) So the Muslim with regard to whatever situation arises in his life will have to face each of them with one of the following three stances: • Completely refraining from it: That is with regards to that which is doubtful • Accepting without constraint: That is with regard to which is clearly permissible • To abstain from it: This is with regards to things which are not clearly permissible nor clearly forbidden. If the last stance indicates something it is an indication of a Muslim's piety and fear of falling into that which is forbidden and of entering into something evil. The Muslim therefore abstains from it, and distances himself from it in order to please Allah and to ensure that His commands are followed. It is not to be said, as some people say: 'That is not forbidden, so do it.' No, since it is not permissible to do everything other than which has been forbidden. So those things which are doubtful matters are closer to that which is forbidden, as occurs in the hadith itself: 'Whoever falls into the doubtful matters falls into what is forbidden. ' So this fear and piety confirms that. The Muslim is Honest and Truthful in All His Affairs From Abu Hurayrah ( radhiallahu 'anhu) who said that Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: 'Three things are the sign of the hypocrite: when he speaks he tells lies, when he promises he breaks it and when he is trusted he proves to be dishonest.' Reported by Al-Bukhari (Eng. 32) and Muslim (Eng. 112) So he is truthful and honest in his speech, faithful to his promise, trustworthy in carrying out that which he has been entrusted with. He does not deceive or defraud, he does not tell lies and is not guilty of hypocrisy. So truthfulness and honesty is one of the chief good qualities, whereas falsehood is the head of corruption and evil. So his honesty keeps him far away from evil and foul deeds and sickness of the heart. Therefore whatever action he does, he does it for Allah, the One free and far removed from all defects, not to attain some worldly position, fame or repute. So his motto is. Knowledge for Knowledge From Jabir ( radhiallahu 'anhu) who said that Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: 'Do not acquire knowledge in order to compete with the scholars, nor to argue with the ignorant, nor to gain mastery over the gatherings. Since whoever does that, then: The Fire! Consider, may Allah have mercy on you, the admonition and the lesson contained in what Ibn Abi Haatim ar-Razi narrates, he said: I entered into Damascus upon the students of hadith and I passed by the circle of Qasim al-Ju'i. I found a group sitting around him and he was speaking. Their appearance amazed me and I heard him saying: 'Seize the benefit of five things from the people of your time: when you are present you are not known; when you are absent you are not missed; when you are seen your advice is not sought; when you say something your saying is not accepted; and when you have some knowledge you are not given anything for it. I also advise you with five things: when you are treated unjustly then do not behave unjustly; when you are praised then do not become happy; when you are criticised do not be upset; when you are not believed then do not become angry; and if they act deceitfully towards you do not act deceitfully towards them.' Ibn Abi Hatim said: So I took that as my benefit from Damascus. So consider, may Allah protect us and you from the evils of the soul, how sincere desire for knowledge and benefit led him to listen to one who certainly possessed less knowledge than himself in order to benefit his understanding and to acquire some knowledge. Another matter that must be mentioned here is that. The Believer is a Mirror for His Brother From Abu Hurayrah ( radhiallahu 'anhu) who said that Allah's Messenger ( sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: 'The believer is a mirror for the believer, and the believer is the brother of the believer. He safeguards his property for him and defends him from behind.' Reported by Al-Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad (no. 239), Abu Dawud (Eng. 4900) and others. Its chain of narration is hasan. So the description of his being a 'mirror' is very precise and profound showing the culmination of brotherhood and solidarity. So your brother, O servant of Allah, is an image of you yourself. So if he behaves badly it is as if you are the one who has behaved badly, and if he makes a mistake, it is as if you have made a mistake. So he is a mirror for you and then an image of you yourself! So do not treat him except with mildness and gentleness. If you do not behave with your brother in this manner, then this will be something which weakens. • • • Islam ( ) is an religion teaching that there is only () and that is a of God. It is the and the, with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the global population, known as. Muslims make up a majority of the population in. Islam teaches that is,, and has guided mankind through, and. The primary scriptures of Islam are the, viewed by Muslims as the word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the, composed of accounts called ) of Muhammad ( 570–8 June 632 CE). Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a that was revealed many times before through prophets including,, and. As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God. Like other, Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded and unrighteous punished in. Religious concepts and practices include the, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from and to and the. The cities of, and are home to. Apart from the theological viewpoint, Islam is historically believed to have originated in the early 7th century in Mecca, and by the 8th century the extended from in the west to the in the east. The refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century, during the, when much of the historically was experiencing a, and cultural flourishing. The of the involved various and, traders and by ( ). Most Muslims are of one of two: (75–90%) or (10–20%). About 13% of Muslims live in, the largest Muslim-majority country, 31% in, the largest population of Muslims in the world, 23% in the -, where it is the dominant religion and 15% in. Sizeable are also found in the, the,,, the, the, and. The in is the and destination of pilgrimage for Islam (: الإسلام, IPA: ( )) is a verbal noun originating from the which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness, and peace. In a religious context it means 'voluntary submission to God'. Is the verbal noun of of the root, and means 'submission' or 'surrender'., the word for an adherent of Islam, is the of the same verb form, and means 'one who submits' or 'one who surrenders'. The word sometimes has distinct connotations in its various occurrences in the. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as an internal state: 'Whomsoever God desires to guide, He opens his heart to Islam.' Other verses connect Islām and (usually translated as 'religion'): 'Today, I have perfected your religion ( dīn) for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion.' Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith. In the, islām is presented as one part of a triad that also includes (faith), and (excellence). Islam was historically called Muhammadanism in societies. This term has fallen out of use and is sometimes said to be because it suggests that a human being rather than God is central to Muslims' religion, parallel to Jesus Christ in Christianity. Some authors, however, continue to use the term Muhammadanism as a for the religious system as opposed to the concept of Islam that exists within that system. Articles of faith. Medallion showing the word ' (God) in,, Turkey. Islam is often seen as having the simplest doctrines of the major religions. Its most fundamental concept is a rigorous monotheism, called (: توحيد). God is described in chapter 112 of the Quran as: 'Say, He is God, the One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him' (). Muslims repudiate and, called, and reject the Christian doctrine of the and divinity of. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension and Muslims are not expected to visualize God. God is described and referred to by certain names or attributes, the most common being Al-Rahmān, meaning 'The Compassionate' and Al-Rahīm, meaning 'The Merciful' (See ). Muslims believe that the creation of everything in the universe was brought into being by God's sheer command, 'Be' and so it is,' and that the is to worship God. He is viewed as a personal god who responds whenever a person in need or distress calls him. There are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God who states, 'I am nearer to him than (his).' God consciousness is referred to as. Is the term with no or used by Muslims and Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews to reference God, while (: إله) is the term used for a deity or a god in general. Other non-Arab Muslims might use different names as much as Allah, for instance 'Tanrı' in, 'Khodā' in or Ḵẖudā in. The first of the Quran,, consisting of seven verses. The Islamic holy books are the records which most Muslims believe were dictated by God to various prophets. Believe that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, the () and the (), had become —either in interpretation, in text, or both. The (literally, 'Reading' or 'Recitation') is viewed by Muslims as the final revelation and literal word of God and is widely regarded as the finest work in the. Muslims believe that the verses of the Quran were revealed to by God through the ( Jibrīl) on many occasions between 610 CE until his death on June 8, 632. While Muhammad was alive, all of these revelations were written down by his companions ( ), although the prime method of transmission was orally through. The Quran is divided into 114, or chapters, which combined, contain 6,236, or verses. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community. The Quran is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the 'sourcebook of Islamic principles and values'. Muslim jurists consult the hadith ('reports'), or the written record of Prophet Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Quran and assist with its interpretation. The science of Quranic commentary and exegesis is known as. The set of rules governing proper pronunciation is called. Muslims usually view 'the Quran' as the original scripture as revealed in Arabic and that any translations are necessarily deficient, which are regarded only as commentaries on the Quran. Prophets and sunnah. The Arabic word for prophets preceded by the honorific 'peace be upon them'. Muslims identify the prophets of Islam (: أنۢبياء anbiyāʾ ) as those humans chosen by God to be his messengers. According to the Quran, the prophets were instructed by God to bring the 'will of God' to the peoples of the nations. Muslims believe that prophets are human and not divine, though some are able to perform miracles to prove their claim. Says that all of God's messengers preached the message of Islam—submission to the will of God. The Quran mentions the names of numerous figures considered, including,,, and, among others. Muslims believe that God finally sent Muhammad as the last law bearing prophet ( ) to convey the divine message to the whole world (to sum up and to finalize the word of God). In Islam, the 'normative' example of Muhammad's life is called the (literally 'trodden path'). Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives and the Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Quran. This example is preserved in traditions known as hadith, which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. Hadith Qudsi is a sub-category of hadith, regarded as verbatim words of God quoted by Muhammad but is not part of the Quran. A hadith involves two elements- a chain of narrators, called, and the actual wording, called. Hadiths can be classified, by studying the narration, as 'authentic' or 'correct', called (: صَحِيْح), 'good', called (: حَسَن) or 'weak', called (: ضَعِيْف) among others. Collected over 300,000 hadith, but only included 2,602 distinct hadith that passed the tests that codified them as authentic into his book, which is considered by Sunnis to be the most source after the Quran. Another famous source(s) of hadiths is known as, which Shias consider as the most authentic hadith reference. Resurrection and judgment. Main article: Belief in the 'Day of Resurrection', (: يوم القيامة) is also crucial for Muslims. They believe the time of Qiyāmah is preordained by God but unknown to man. The trials and preceding and during the Qiyāmah are described in the Quran and the hadith, and also in the commentaries of. The Quran emphasizes, a break from the understanding of death. On Yawm al-Qiyāmah, Muslims believe all mankind will be judged on their good and bad deeds and consigned to (paradise) or (hell). The Qurʼan in Surat al-Zalzalah describes this as, 'So whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it (99:7) and whoever does an atom's weight of evil will see it (99:8).' The Qurʼan that can condemn a person to, such as in God (: كفر kufr), and dishonesty; however, the Qurʼan makes it clear God will forgive the of those who repent if he so wills. Good deeds, such as charity, prayer and compassion towards animals, will be rewarded with entry to heaven. Muslims view as a place of joy and blessings, with Qurʼanic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God. Yawm al-Qiyāmah is also identified in the Quran as Yawm ad-Dīn (: يوم الدين), 'Day of Religion'; as-sāʿah (: الساعة), 'the Last Hour'; and al-Qāriʿah (: القارعة), 'The Clatterer'. Describing is often known as. The (prophesied redeemer) will be sent and with the help of, will battle. They will triumph, liberating Islam from cruelty, and this will be followed by a time of serenity with people living true to religious values. See also: There are five basic religious acts in Islam, collectively known as 'The Pillars of Islam' ( arkan al-Islam; also arkan ad-din, 'pillars of religion'), which are considered obligatory for all believers. The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are (1) the creed (), (2) daily prayers (), (3) almsgiving (), (4) fasting during, and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca () at least once in a lifetime. Both and sects agree on the essential details for the performance of these acts. Apart from these, Muslims also perform other religious acts. Notable among them are charity () and. Silver coin of the with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith The, which is the basic of Islam that must be recited under with the specific statement: ' 'ašhadu 'al-lā ilāha illā-llāhu wa 'ašhadu 'anna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh', or 'I testify that there is no god but, Muhammad is the messenger of God.' This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam. Muslims must repeat the shahadah in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to are required to recite the creed. Muslim men during prayer in the,. Ritual prayers are called Ṣalāh or Ṣalāt (: ). Salat is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and. Performing prayers five times a day is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. The prayers are recited in the, and consist of verses from the Quran. The prayers are done with the chest in direction of the though in the early days of Islam, they were done in direction of. The act of supplicating is referred to as. A mosque is a for Muslims, who often refer to it by its Arabic name masjid. A large mosque for gathering for Friday prayers or Eid prayers are called. Although the primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place of prayer, it is also important to the as a place to meet and study. In Medina,, or the Prophet's Mosque, was also a place of refuge for the poor. Modern mosques have evolved greatly from the early designs of the 7th century, and contain a variety of architectural elements such as. Main articles: and 'Zakāt' (: زكاة zakāh ') is giving a fixed portion of accumulated wealth by those who can afford it to help the poor or needy and for those employed to collect Zakat; also, for bringing hearts together, freeing captives, for those in debt (or ) and for the (stranded) traveller. It is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a 'trust from God's bounty'. Conservative estimates of annual zakat is estimated to be 15 times global humanitarian aid contributions. The amount of zakat to be paid on (e.g. Money) is 2.5% (1/40) per year, for people who are not poor. Means optional charity which is practiced as religious duty and out of generosity. Both the Quran and the hadith have put much emphasis on spending money for the welfare of needy people, and have urged the Muslims to give more as an act of optional charity. The Quran says: Spend something (in charity) out of the substance which We have bestowed on you, before Death should come to any of you (). One of the early teachings of Muhammad was that expects men to be generous with their wealth and not to be miserly (Quran ). Accumulating wealth without spending it to address the needs of the poor is generally prohibited and admonished. Another kind of charity in Islam is which means perpetual religious endowment. Further information: Fasting (: صوم ṣawm) from food and drink, among other things, must be performed from dawn to dusk during the month of. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. Sawm is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly. Pilgrims at the in during The obligatory Islamic, called the ḥajj (: حج), has to be performed during the of in the city of Mecca. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. Men reading the Quran in a mosque Muslims recite and memorize the whole or part of the Quran as acts of virtue. Has been described as an excellent act of worship. Pious Muslims recite the whole Quran at the month of. In Islamic societies, any social program generally begins with the recitation of the Quran. One who has memorized the whole Quran is called a who, it is said, will be able to intercede for ten people on the Last Judgment Day. Apart from this, almost every Muslim memorizes some portion of the Quran because they need to recite it during their prayers. Main articles: and Sharia is the forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the and the. In, the term sharīʿah refers to God's divine law and is contrasted with, which refers to its scholarly interpretations. The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim traditionalists and reformists. Traditional recognizes four: the Quran, (authentic hadith), (analogical reasoning), and (juridical consensus). Different developed methodologies for deriving sharia rulings from scriptural sources using a process known as. Distinguishes two principal branches of law, (rituals) and (social relations), which together comprise a wide range of topics. Its rulings assign actions to one of:,,,, and. Thus, some areas of sharia overlap with the Western notion of law while others correspond more broadly to living life in accordance with God's will. Historically, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists (). Their legal opinions () were taken into account by ruler-appointed who presided over 's courts, and by maẓālim courts, which were controlled by the ruler's council and administered criminal law. In the modern era, sharia-based criminal laws were widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models. While the constitutions of most Muslim-majority states contain references to sharia, its classical rules were largely retained only in (family) laws. Legislative bodies which codified these laws sought to modernize them without abandoning their foundations in traditional jurisprudence. The of the late 20th century brought along calls by movements for full implementation of sharia. The role of sharia has become a contested topic around the world. There are ongoing debates as to whether sharia is compatible with secular forms of government, human rights,, and. Teaches the in, (1850s, lithograph by ) Islam, like Judaism, has no clergy in the sense, such as priests who mediate between God and people. However, there are many terms in Islam to refer to religiously sanctioned positions of Islam. In the broadest sense, the term ulema (: علماء) is used to describe the body of Muslim scholars who have completed several years of training and study of. A jurist who interprets Islamic law is called a (: مفتي) and often issues judicial opinions, called. A scholar of jurisprudence is called a (: فقيه). Someone who studies the science of hadith is called a. A is a judge in an Islamic court. Titles given to scholars include, and. (: إمام) is a leadership position, often used in the context of conducting Islamic worship services. Schools of jurisprudence. The main Islamic (schools of law) of Muslim countries or distributions A school of jurisprudence is referred to as a madhab (: مذهب). The four major Sunni schools are the,,, and sometimes while the two major Shia schools are and. Each differ in their methodology, called. The following of decisions by a religious expert without necessarily examining the decision's reasoning is called. The term ghair muqallid literally refers to those who do not use taqlid and by extension do not have a. The practice of an individual interpretating law with independent reasoning is called. Main article: To reduce the gap between the rich and the poor, encourages trade, discourages the hoarding of wealth and outlaws interest-bearing loans (; the term is in ). Therefore, wealth is taxed through, but trade is not taxed., which allows the rich to get richer without sharing in the risk, is forbidden in Islam. Profit sharing and venture capital where the lender is also exposed to risk is acceptable. Hoarding of food for speculation is also discouraged. Grabbing other people's land is also prohibited. The prohibition of has resulted in the development of. During the time of Muhammad, any money that went to the state, was immediately used to help the poor. Then in 634, formally established the welfare state. The or the welfare state was for the Muslim and Non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The ran for hundreds of years under the in the 7th century and continued through the period and well into the era. Umar also introduced Child Benefit and Pensions for the children and the elderly. Main articles:,, and Jihad means 'to strive or struggle' (in the way of God). Jihad, in its broadest sense, is 'exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of '. Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the, and aspects of one's own self (such as sinful desires), different categories of jihad are defined. Jihad, when used without any qualifier, is understood in its military aspect. Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection. Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and, distinguish between the 'greater jihad', which pertains to spiritual, and the 'lesser jihad', defined as warfare. Within, jihad is usually taken to mean military exertion against non-believer/non-Muslim combatants. Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible in Islamic law and may be declared against illegal works, terrorists, criminal groups, rebels,, and leaders or states who oppress Muslims. Most Muslims today interpret Jihad as only a defensive form of warfare. Jihad only becomes an individual duty for those vested with authority. For the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a. For most, can only be declared by a of the Muslim community, and as such is suspended since 's occultation in 868 AD. Society Family life. The dome of the in,, topped by the In a Muslim family, the birth of a child is attended with some religious ceremonies. Immediately after the birth, the words of is pronounced in the right ear of the child. In the seventh day, the aquiqa ceremony is performed, in which an animal is sacrificed and its meat is distributed among the poor. The head of the child is also shaved, and an amount of money equaling the weight of the child's hair is donated to the poor. Apart from fulfilling the basic needs of food, shelter, and education, the parents or the elderly members of family also undertake the task of teaching moral qualities, religious knowledge, and religious practices to the children., which serves as the foundation of a Muslim family, is a civil contract which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a bridal gift ( ) to the bride, as stipulated in the contract. Most families in the Islamic world are monogamous., a practice wherein a woman takes on two or more husbands is prohibited in Islam. However, men are allowed to practice, that is, they can have more than one wife at the same time, up to a total of four, per 4 Verse 3. A man does not need approval of his first wife for a second marriage as there is no evidence in the Qur'an or hadith to suggest this. The testimony of a woman is deemed in Islam to be worth half that of a man. With Muslims coming from diverse backgrounds including 49 Muslim-majority countries, plus a strong presence as large minorities throughout the world there are many variations on Muslim Weddings. Generally in a Muslim family, a woman's sphere of operation is the home and a man's corresponding sphere is the outside world. However, in practice, this separation is not as rigid as it appears. With regard to inheritance, a son's share is double that of a daughter's. Certain religious rites are performed during and after the. Those near a dying man encourage him to pronounce the as Muslims want their last word to be their profession of faith. After the death, the body is bathed properly by the members of the same gender and then enshrouded in a threefold white garment called kafan. Placing the body on a, it is first taken to a mosque where funeral prayer is offered for the dead person, and then to the graveyard for burial. Etiquette and diet. Main articles: and Many practices fall in the category of adab, or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with ' ' ('peace be unto you'), saying ('in ') before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. Practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health. Is also practiced in Islam. Include saying the ('funeral prayer') over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a. Muslims are restricted in their diet. Prohibited foods include pork products, blood,, and. All meat must come from a animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as food. Social responsibilities. Main article: In a Muslim society, various social service activities are performed by the members of the community. As these activities are instructed by, a Muslim's religious life is seen incomplete if not attended by service to humanity. In fact, In Islamic tradition, the idea of social welfare has been presented as one of its principal values. The verse of the Quran is often cited to encapsulate the Islamic idea of social welfare. Similarly, duties to parents, neighbors, relatives, sick people, the old, and have been defined in Islam. Respecting and obeying one's parents, and taking care of them especially in their old age have been made a religious obligation. A two-fold approach is generally prescribed with regard to duty to: keeping good relations with them, and offering them financial help if necessary. Severing ties with them has been admonished. Regardless of a neighbor's religious identity, Islam teaches Muslims to treat in the best possible manner and not to cause them any difficulty. Concerning, the Quran forbids harsh and oppressive treatment to them while urging kindness and justice towards them. It also rebukes those who do not honor and feed orphaned children (Quran ). Main article: The Quran and the of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal, social, political, and religious life. Proper moral conduct, good deeds, righteousness, and come within the sphere of the moral guidelines. In Islam, the observance of moral virtues is always associated with religious significance because it elevates the religious status of a and is often seen as a supererogatory act of worshipping. One typical Islamic teaching on is that imposing a penalty on an offender in proportion to their offense is permissible and just; but forgiving the offender is better. To go one step further by offering a favor to the offender is regarded the highest excellence. The Quran says: 'Repel (evil) with what is best' (). Thus, a Muslim is expected to act only in good manners as bad manners and deeds earn vices. The fundamental moral qualities in Islam are,, righteousness, kindness, honesty, and piety. Other mostly insisted moral virtues include but not limited to charitable activities, fulfillment of promise, and, decency in speech, tolerance, trustworthiness,, truthfulness,, and sincerity of intention. As a religion, Islam emphasizes the idea of having a good character as Muhammad said: 'The best among you are those who have the best manners and character' (, ). In Islam, justice is not only a moral virtue but also an obligation to be fulfilled under all circumstances. The Quran and the hadith describe God as being kind and merciful to His creatures, and tell people to be kind likewise. As a virtue, forgiveness is much celebrated in Islam, and is regarded as an important Muslim practice. About modesty, Muhammad is reported as saying: ' Every religion has its characteristic, and the characteristic of Islam is modesty'. Built by; completed at the end of the. With Muhammad's death in 632, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community., a companion and close friend of Muhammad, was made the first. Under Abu Bakr, Muslims put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the, or 'Wars of Apostasy'. The Quran was compiled into a single volume at this time. Abu Bakr's death in 634 resulted in the succession of as the caliph, followed by, and. The first four caliphs are known in Sunni Islam as al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn ('). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into the parts of the and territories. When Umar was assassinated by Persians in 644, as successor was met with increasing opposition. The standard copies of the Quran were also distributed throughout the Islamic State. In 656, Uthman was also killed, and assumed the position of caliph. This led to the (the 'First Fitna') over who should be caliph. Ali was assassinated by in 661. To avoid further fighting, the new caliph signed a, abdicating to, beginning the, in return that he not name his own successor. These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the first four leaders, and became known as Sunnis. A minority disagreed, and believed that only Ali and some of his descendants should rule; they became known as the Shia. Mu'awiyah appointed his son,, as successor and after Mu'awiyah's death in 680, the ' broke out, where was killed at the, a significant event in Shia Islam. The Umayyad dynasty conquered the, the, and. Local populations of Jews and indigenous Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance the, often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests. The generation after the death of Muhammad but contemporaries of his companions are known as the, followed by the. The Caliph set up the influential committee, ', headed. Wrote one of the earliest books on Islamic jurisprudence, the, as a consensus of the opinion of those jurists. The descendants of Muhammad's uncle rallied discontented non-Arab converts ( ), poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them, inaugurating the in 750. Classical era (750–1258). The eye, according to from a manuscript dated circa 1200. This era is sometimes called the '. Established during this time (called hospitals), are considered 'the first hospitals' in the modern sense of the word, and issued the first medical diplomas to license. The recognizes the, founded in 859, as the world's oldest degree-granting university. The doctorate is argued to date back to the in Muslim. Standards of experimental and techniques, as well as the tradition of citation, were introduced. An important pioneer in this, is regarded as the father of the modern and often referred to as the 'world's first true scientist'. The government paid scientists the equivalent salary of professional athletes today. It is argued that the data used by for his conclusions was gathered and that proposed a theory of. Wrote some of the finest Persian poetry and is still one of the best selling poets in America. Legal institutions introduced include the and (). Al-Shafi'i codified a method to determine the reliability of hadith. During the early Abbasid era, the major were compiled by scholars such as and while major by scholars such as and were also compiled. The was formed from the teachings of while the four Sunni, the,, and, were established around the teachings of,, and respectively. In the 9th century, al-Shafi'i provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence in his book ar-Risālah. And completed the most commonly cited commentaries on the Quran, the in the 9th century and the in the 14th century, respectively. Philosophers and sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like argued against them and ultimately prevailed. Caliphs such as and made the philosophy an official creed and imposed it upon Muslims to follow. Mu'tazila was a Greek influenced school of speculative theology called, which refers to. Many orthodox Muslims rejected doctrines and condemned their idea of the creation of the Quran. In inquisitions, Imam Hanbal refused to conform and was tortured and sent to an unlit prison cell for nearly thirty months. The other branch of kalam was the school founded. Some Muslims began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life and emphasized poverty, humility and avoidance of based on renunciation of bodily desires. Ascetics such as would inspire a movement that would evolve into Tasawwuf (Sufism). Beginning in the 13th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely because of efforts to legitimize and reorganize the movement by, who developed the model of the —a community of spiritual teachers and students. The first Muslims states independent of a unified Muslim state emerged from the Berber Revolt (739/740-743). In 930, the Ismaili group known as the unsuccessfully rebelled against the Abbassids, sacked Mecca and stole the Black Stone, which was eventually retrieved. The put an end to the Abbassid dynasty in 1258. Pre-Modern era (1258–20th century). Was the last Caliph of Islam from the. Islam spread with Muslim trade networks and Sufi orders activity that extended into, Central Asia and the. Under the, Islam spread to Southeast Europe. The Muslims in China who were descended from earlier immigration began to assimilate by adopting Chinese names and while became an important center of Islamic study. The Muslim world was generally in political decline starting the 1800s, especially relative to the non-Muslim European powers. This decline was evident culturally; while founded an observatory in and the Jai Singh Observatory was built in the 18th century, there was not a single Muslim country with a major observatory by the twentieth century. The, launched against Muslim in, succeeded in 1492. By the 19th century the had formally ended the Mughal dynasty in India. The after and the was abolished in 1924. The majority and oldest group among Shia at that time, the, named after the great grandson of Ali, the scholar, used the Hanafi jurisprudence, as did most Sunnis. The Shia rose to power in 1501 and later conquered all of. The ensuing mandatory for the largely Sunni population also ensured the final dominance of the Twelver sect within Shiism over the and sects., who overthrew the Safavids, attempted to improve relations with Sunnis by propagating the integration of Shiism by calling it the Jaafari Madh'hab. A revival movement during this period was an 18th-century movement led by in today's Saudi Arabia. Referred to as, their self designation is Muwahiddun (unitarians). Building upon earlier efforts such as those by and, the movement allegedly seeks to uphold monotheism and purify Islam of what they see as later. Their zeal against shrines led to the desecration of shrines around the world, including that of. In the 19th century, the and movements were initiated. Modern times (20th century–present). The flag of the. Contact with industrialized nations brought Muslim populations to new areas through economic migration. Many Muslims migrated as indentured servants, from mostly India and, to the, forming the largest Muslim populations by percentage in the Americas. The resulting urbanization and increase in trade in brought Muslims to settle in new areas and spread their faith, likely doubling its Muslim population between 1869 and 1914. Muslim immigrants began arriving, many as and largely from former colonies, in several Western European nations since the 1960s. There are more and more new Muslim intellectuals who increasingly separate perennial Islamic beliefs from archaic cultural traditions. Is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and human rights. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and they stress the need to leave room for 'independent thought on religious matters'. Women's issues receive significant weight in the modern discourse on Islam. Secular powers such as the Chinese closed many mosques and destroyed Qurans, and became the first country to ban the practice of every religion. About half a million Muslims were killed in by communists who, it is argued, viewed them as their primary enemy and wished to exterminate them since they stood out and worshipped their own god. In, the military carried out coups to oust Islamist governments, and headscarves were banned in official buildings, as also happened in., along with his acolyte, have been credited as forerunners of the. Helped influence modern. Groups such as the advocate Islam as a comprehensive political solution, often in spite of being banned. In, replaced a regime with an. In, the Islamist has democratically been in power for about a decade, while Islamist parties did well in elections following the. The (OIC), consisting of, was established in 1969 after the burning of the in. Piety appears to be deepening worldwide. In many places, the prevalence of the is growing increasingly common and the percentage of Muslims favoring Sharia laws has increased. With religious guidance increasingly available electronically, Muslims are able to access views that are strict enough for them rather than rely on state clerics who are often seen as stooges. It is estimated that, by 2050, the number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians around the world, 'driven primarily by differences in fertility rates and the size of youth populations among the world's major religions, as well as by people switching faiths.' Perhaps as a sign of these changes, most experts agree that Islam is growing faster than any other faith in and West Africa. The largest denomination in Islam is Sunni Islam, which makes up 75%–90% of all Muslims and is arguably the world's largest religious denomination. Sunni Muslims also go by the name Ahl as-Sunnah which means 'people of the tradition [of Muhammad]'. Sunnis believe that the first four were the rightful successors to Muhammad; since God did not specify any particular leaders to succeed him and those leaders were elected. Sunnis believe that anyone who is righteous and just could be a caliph but they have to act according to the Quran and the Hadith, the example of Muhammad and give the people their rights. The Sunnis follow the Quran and the Hadith, which are recorded in sunni traditions known as (six major books). For legal matters derived from the Quran or the Hadith, many follow four sunni (schools of thought):,, and. All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim may choose any one that he or she finds agreeable. Is a movement that deemphasized sources of jurisprudence outside the quran and sunnah, such as informed opinion (ra'y). The claim to take the first three generations of Muslims, known as the, as exemplary models. In the 18th century, led a salafi movement, referred by outsiders as, in modern-day. The is a reformist movement originating in South Asia, influenced by the Wahhabi movement. The in, Iraq is a holy site for Shia Muslims. The Shia constitute 10–20% of Islam and are its second-largest branch. While the Sunnis believe that a Caliph should be elected by the community, Shia's believe that Muhammad appointed his son-in-law,, as his successor and only certain descendants of Ali could be Imams. As a result, they believe that was the first Imam (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs, and. Other points of contention include certain practices viewed as the religion, such as the mourning practice of, and the cursing of figures revered by Sunnis. However, himself disapproved of people who disapproved of his great grand father and revered Abu Bakr and. More recently, and condemned the practice. Shia Islam has several branches, the most prominent being the (the largest branch), and. Different branches accept different descendants of Ali as Imams. After the death of Imam who is considered the sixth Imam by the and the 's, the Ismailis recognized his son Isma'il ibn Jafar as his successor whereas the Twelver Shia's (Ithna Asheri) followed his other son as the seventh Imam. The consider, the uncle of Imam, as their fifth Imam, and follow a different line of succession after him. Other smaller groups include the as well as the and. Some Shia branches label other Shia branches that do not agree with their doctrine as. Mawlānā 's tomb,, Turkey, or tasawwuf (: تصوف), is a - approach to Islam that seeks to find a direct. It is not a sect of Islam and its adherents belong to the various Muslim denominations. Classical Sufi scholars have focused on the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God by making use of 'intuitive and emotional faculties' that one must be trained to use. Was inspired by the ideas of piety and condemnation of worldliness preached by Muhammad and these ideas were later further developed. Traditional Sufis, such as,,,, and Al-Ghazali, argued for Sufism being based upon the tenets of Islam and the teachings of. Sufi practices such as veneration of saints have faced stiff opposition from followers of and, who have sometimes physically attacked Sufi places of worship, leading to deterioration in. The movement is a Sufi-influenced revivalist movement within with over 200 million followers, largely in South Asia. Sufism enjoyed a strong revival in central Asia and South Asia. Central Asia is considered to be a center of Sufism. Sufism has played a significant role in fighting against Tsars of Russia and Soviet colonization. Here, Sufis and their different orders are the main religious sources. Sufism is also strong in African countries such as,,,, and. Other denominations • is an Islamic reform movement (with Sunni roots) founded by that began in in 1889 and is practiced by 10 to 20 million Muslims around the world. Ahmad claimed to have fulfilled the prophecies concerning the arrival of the 'Imam Mahdi' and the 'Promised Messiah'. • The is a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam and is a branch of and is practiced by 1.45 million Muslims around the world. Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. • is an Islamic sect that believes in a 15th-century Mahdi, Muhammad Jaunpuri • The are Muslims who generally reject the Hadith. Non-denominational Muslims. Main article: Non-denominational Muslims is an that has been used for and by who do not belong to or do not self-identify with a specific. Prominent figures who refused to identify with a particular Islamic denomination have included, and. Recent surveys report that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self-identify as 'just Muslim', although there is little published analysis available regarding the motivations underlying this response. The reports that respondents self-identifying as 'just Muslim' make up a majority of Muslims in seven countries (and a plurality in three others), with the highest proportion in at 74%. At least one in five Muslims in at least 22 countries self-identify in this way. Derived religions Some movements, such as the, and, either emerged from Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam and whether each is separate a religion or a sect of Islam is sometimes controversial. Is seen as a blend of local Kurdish beliefs and Islamic Sufi doctrine introduced to by in the 12th century. Stems from Twelver Shia passed through while one of his followers Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri founded the., founded by in late fifteenth century, incorporates aspects of both Islam and. African American Muslim movements include the, and. World Muslim population by percentage (, 2014). A comprehensive 2009 demographic study of 232 countries and territories reported that 23% of the global population, or 1.57 billion people, are Muslims. Of those, it is estimated that over 75–90% are and 10–20% are with a small minority belonging to other sects. Approximately 57 countries are, and account for around 20% of all Muslims worldwide. The number of Muslims worldwide increased from 200 million in 1900 to 551 million in 1970, and tripled to 1.6 billion by 2010. The majority of Muslims live in Asia and Africa. Approximately 62% of the world's Muslims live in Asia, with over 683 million adherents in,,, and. In the Middle East, non-Arab countries such as and are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in Africa, and have the most populous Muslim communities. Most estimates indicate that the People's Republic of China has approximately 20 to 30 million Muslims (1.5% to 2% of the population). However, data provided by the 's International Population Center to suggests that China has 65.3 million Muslims. Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity in many European countries, and is slowly catching up to that status in the Americas, with between 2,454,000, according to Pew Forum, and approximately 7 million Muslims, according to the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), in the United States. According to the, Islam is set to equal Christianity in number of adherents by the year 2050. Islam is set to grow faster than any other major world religion, reaching a total number of 2.76 billion (an increase of 73%). High fertility rates play a factor, with Islam having a rate of 3.1 compared to the world average of 2.5, and the minimum replacement level for a population at 2.1. Age also plays a role in these numbers due to the fact that Islam has the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total religion) of any major religion (Christianity's is 27%). Sixty percent of Muslims are between the ages of 16 and 59, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). Countries such as Nigeria and the Republic of Macedonia are expected to have Muslim majorities by 2050. In India, the Muslim population will be larger than any other country. Europe's domestic population is set to shrink as opposed to their Islamic population which is set to grow to 10% of Europe's total. According to BBC News, the rates of growth of reveal that the growing number of Muslims is due primarily to immigration and higher. Main article: encompasses the produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily ) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by Muslim populations. It includes fields as varied as architecture,, painting, and, among others. While not condemned in the Quran, making images of human beings and animals is frowned on in many Islamic cultures and connected with common to all Abrahamic religions, as 'Abdullaah ibn Mas'ood reported that Muhammad said, 'Those who will be most severely punished by Allah on the Day of Resurrection will be the image-makers' (reported by al-Bukhaari, see al-Fath, 10/382). However this rule has been interpreted in different ways by different scholars and in different historical periods, and there are examples of paintings of both animals and humans in Mughal, Persian and Turkish art. The existence of this has been used to explain the prevalence of calligraphy, tessellation and pattern as key aspects of Islamic artistic culture. The phases of the form the basis for the. The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen, reportedly by, to be the in 622 CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. It is a with days lasting from sunset to sunset. Islamic fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in in different years in the. The most important Islamic festivals are (: عيد الفطر) on the 1st of, marking the end of the fasting month Ramadan, and ( عيد الأضحى) on the 10th of, coinciding with the end of the Hajj pilgrimage. Main article: Criticism of Islam has existed since Islam's formative stages. Early criticism came from Christian authors, many of whom viewed Islam as a Christian or a form of idolatry and often explained it in apocalyptic terms. Later there appeared criticism from the itself, and also from writers and from ecclesiastical Christians. Objects of criticism include the morality of the life of Muhammad, the last law bearing prophet of Islam, both in his public and personal life, as seen in. Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the Quran, the Islamic holy book, are also discussed by critics. Other criticisms focus on the question of human rights in modern Islamic nations, and the treatment of women in Islamic law and practice. In wake of the recent trend, Islam's influence on the ability of Muslim immigrants in the West to assimilate has been. • There are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is // or 2 //, and whether the a is pronounced //, // or (when the stress is on the first syllable) // (Merriam Webster). The most common are (Oxford English Dictionary, Random House) and (American Heritage Dictionary). • The verse reads: 'It is not righteousness that ye turn your faces towards East or West; but it is righteousness to believe in Allah and the Last Day, and the Angels, and the Book and the Messengers; to spend of your substance, out of love for Him, for your kin, for orphans, for the needy, for the wayfarer, for those who ask, and for the ransom of slaves; to be steadfast in prayer, and practice regular charity, to fulfill the contracts which we have made; and to be firm and patient, in pain (or suffering) and adversity, and throughout all periods of panic. Such are the people of truth, the God fearing' Citations. • Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to 'dialogue' on the basis of what both faiths really teach. Islam Without Extremes (1st ed.). Norton & Company.. The Koran Interpreted: A Translation (1st ed.). • Cragg, Kenneth (1975). The House of Islam, in The Religious Life of Man Series. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1975. • Hourani, Albert (1991). Islam in European Thought. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1992, cop. Xi, 199 p.; alternative ISBN on back cover, 0-521-42120-0 •; Al-Hilali Khan; Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din (1999). Noble Quran (1st ed.). Dar-us-Salam Publications.. Khanbaghi (2006). The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran. • Khavari, Farid A. Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. Viii, 277 p., ill. With maps and charts. The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis. Syracuse University.. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list () • Kuban, Dogan (1974). Muslim Religious Architecture. Brill Academic Publishers.. • Lewis, Bernard (1994). Islam and the West. Oxford University Press.. • Lewis, Bernard (1996). Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery. Oxford University Press.. • Mubarkpuri, Saifur-Rahman (2002).: Biography of the Prophet. Dar-us-Salam Publications.. • Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2001). History of Islam. Dar-us-Salam Publications.. • Nigosian, S. Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices (New ed.). Indiana University Press.. Islam (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.. What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the '. Foreword Mansoor Moaddel, Eastern Michigan University (1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York.. The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui (1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York.. Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith. Peter Owen Publishers.. External links. I NEED HELP WITH MINE FOR SURE!! I have a real problem with my S-Tec 30 auto pilot in my Skylane. When it first started failing, about an hour into a flight 18 months ago, it seemed intermittent. So I knew I would have to wait to have it fail completely. So finally 6 months ago it began to fail after 15 minutes, then in 5 minutes after turning it on. It fails in Tracking or heading mode only. The altitude hold continues to work. Stec 55x installation manual, Though the results are solid for single-image projects, CRT Tiller. 17AF2ACP066 mustang RZT 50 (2008) 17AF2ACP211 mustang. For Proper Application. Reference - Click Here for the Cobham S-TEC STC Directory From $8,195 + Installation. Autopilot System 50 Manual Electric Trim. Call 1-800-447-3408 for Ordering and Installation Pricing. Lighted 3” Turn Coordinator; 3 ATI Panel Mounted; Turn Command in “STB” Stabilizer Mode. We have replaced the DG, Alternator, Voltage Regulator, Vacuum Pump, and had the Auto Pilot itself, (which includes the turn and bank indicator on the 30 series) sent back to S-Tec for complete inspection and testing, for which it passed perfectly fit, for a $1000.00 bench test with shipping!! At my Wits End on this Effing thing! I NEED HELP WITH MINE FOR SURE!! I have a real problem with my S-Tec 30 auto pilot in my Skylane. When it first started failing, about an hour into a flight 18 months ago, it seemed intermittent. So I knew I would have to wait to have it fail completely. So finally 6 months ago it began to fail after 15 minutes, then in 5 minutes after turning it on. It fails in Tracking or heading mode only. The altitude hold continues to work. We have replaced the DG, Alternator, Voltage Regulator, Vacuum Pump, and had the Auto Pilot itself, (which includes the turn and bank indicator on the 30 series) sent back to S-Tec for complete inspection and testing, for which it passed perfectly fit, for a $1000.00 bench test with shipping!! At my Wits End on this Effing thing! Microsoft had dug itself a cool, deep, dark hole with Windows Vista. Users demanding that Redmond extend the life of Windows XP wasn't exactly something they could be proud of, either. Bombarded by complaints and negative press even after the first service pack was released, the bar had been set high for Vista's successor: Windows 7. This review is based on an official copy of the Windows 7 RTM that Microsoft provided to CNET on July 30, 2009. Luckily for Microsoft, Windows 7 is more than just spin. It's stable, smooth, and highly polished, introducing new graphical features, a new taskbar that can compete handily with the Mac OS X dock, and device management and security enhancements that make it both easier to use and safer. Importantly, it won't require the hardware upgrades that Vista demanded, partially because the hardware has caught up, and partially because Microsoft has gone to great lengths to make Windows 7 accessible to as many people as possible. It's important to note that the public testing process for Windows 7 involved one limited-availability beta and one release candidate, and constituted what some have called the largest shareware trial period ever. As buggy and irritating as Vista was, Windows 7 isn't. Instead, it's the successor to Windows XP that Microsoft wishes Vista had been, and finally places it on competitive footing with other major operating systems like OS X and Linux. Microsoft is offering six versions of Windows 7: Starter,,,, OEM, and Enterprise. The three versions that Redmond will be promoting most heavily are, although Starter will also be available to consumers. Windows 7 will support both 32-bit and 64-bit systems. The bare minimum requirements for the 32-bit include a 1GHz processor, 1GB RAM, 16GB available hard-disk space, and a DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver. 64-bit systems will require at least a 1 GHz processor, 2GB RAM, 20GB of free space on your hard drive, and a DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver. A touch-screen monitor is required to take advantage of the native touch features. Do note that some users have claimed to have limited success running the Windows 7 beta with less than 1GB of RAM, but that's not recommended. Installation Microsoft is offering several paths to install Windows 7. Results 1 - 11. VIA Vinyl AC'97 Codec Combo Driver 7.0b. Vinyl AudioCodec is a driver that supports all VIA programs with integrated sound such as VT8231/VT82C686A/VT82C686B VT8233/VT8233A/VT8233C/VT8235/VT8237/VT8287 It also supports the VIA Six-TRAC (VT1616 Codec) and the driver allows you to. Windows 7 Drivers for HP Pavilion g4-1207nr (32-bit and x64/64-bit):Driver-Audio (2):IDT High-Definition (HD) Audio Driver Version 6.10.6341.0 35.91 MBHP Pavilion g4. Intel Graphics Driver, free and safe download. Intel Graphics Driver latest version: Keep Your Intel Graphics Card Up To Date. Intel Graphics Driver is a catch-all name for a variety of drivers for an even bigger variety of. Jan 11, 2010. Download Realtek RTL8187L Wireless Driver 1.316 for Windows 7. OS support: Windows 7. Category: Networking. People can buy a new computer with the operating system already installed, upgrade from Windows XP or Vista, or do a clean install on a computer the user already owns. The clean installation took us about 30 minutes, but that will vary depending on your computer. The upgrade procedure is different depending on whether you're running Windows XP or Windows Vista. Vista users merely need to back up their data before choosing the Upgrade option from the install disc. Both XP Home and XP Pro users will have to back up their data, then choose Custom from the install disc. Custom will have the same effect as a clean install, although it'll save your old data in a folder called Windows.old. Once you choose Custom, you'll need to select the partition of your hard drive that contains Windows XP, and then follow the instructions to enter your product key and allow the computer to reboot as needed. If you're not sure if your current computer can run Windows 7, you can download and run the from Microsoft. Features: Taskbar and Aero Peek Although the look of Windows 7 may seem to be nothing more than some polish applied liberally to the Vista Aero theme, make no mistake: This is a full replacement operating system, and more than just 'Vista done right.' From driver support to multitouch groundwork for the future, from better battery management to the most easy-to-use interface Microsoft has ever had, Windows 7 is hardly half-baked. The first thing that should stand out is the new taskbar. This is one of the best improvements Microsoft has made--third-party program dock makers are going to have to do some serious innovation when Windows 7 goes public. Besides incorporating the translucent style of Aero, the new taskbar is arguably even better than the Mac OS X dock. It features pinned programs using large, easy-to-see icons. Mouse over one and all windows associated with that program appear in preview. Mouse over one of those preview panes to reveal an X to close the window. Hover over the preview to show a full-size preview of the program, or click on the window to bring it to the front. Because of the button size, people with touch screens should find it especially easy to use. Jump lists are another new taskbar improvement that make recently opened documents easier to get to. Right-click or left-click and drag on any program icon pinned to the taskbar to see a list of files that you've recently used in that program. In Internet Explorer, this will show recently visited Web sites, although it doesn't yet seem to work in Firefox. If you've noticed the missing Show Desktop icon, that's because it's been baked into the taskbar itself. Mouse over to the right corner. Hovering over the Show Desktop box reveals the desktop, and then hides it when you mouse away. Click on the box to minimize all your programs. Aero Peek shows the desktop when you hover over the right edge of the toolbar, and is also an option in the program-switching hot key Alt+Tab. (This image was taken from the Windows 7 Release Candidate, but looks and functions the same in the official version of Windows 7./Screenshot by Seth Rosenblatt/CNET) Resizing programs has been simplified and improved by the capability to drag a window's title bar. Drag a program window to the top of your monitor to expand it to full screen. If you want to work in two windows simultaneously, drag one to the left edge and one to the right edge of your screen, and they'll automatically resize to half the width of your monitor. Dragging a program away from the top or sides will return it to its original size. This is an entirely new feature in Windows 7, but it should prove easy to adopt because it mimics and expands on the maximize/restore button that people have been resizing windows with since Windows 95. Theme packages also make it much faster to change the look of Windows 7. From the Control Panel, you can change the theme under Appearance and Personalization. Microsoft has created several theme packages to give people a taste for what the feature can do. Click on one to download it, and it instantly changes the color scheme and background--no need to reboot. Users can create their own themes, as well. Windows Media Player and Device Stage One of the biggest new features makes Windows Media Player useful again: you can now stream media files from one Windows 7 computer to another, across the Internet and out of network. Even better, the setup procedure is dead simple. When you open Windows Media Player, there's a new Stream option on the toolbar. Click it, and you're presented with two choices. Both require you to associate your computer with your free Windows Live ID. When you've associated a second Windows 7's WMP with that same ID, you can remotely access the media on the host computer. Windows Media Player's mini mode looks much slicker, emphasizing the album art--sometimes at the expense of clearly seeing the controls, but it's a definite improvement. Microsoft reinvigorates the Windows Media Player by allowing users to stream their media files to themselves. All it takes is two Windows 7 computers, an Internet connection, and a free Windows Live ID. (This image was taken from the Windows 7 Release Candidate, but looks and functions the same in the official version of Windows 7./Screenshot by Seth Rosenblatt/CNET) The new Device Stage makes managing peripherals significantly easier, combining printers, phones, and portable media players into one window. A large photo of the peripheral summarizes important device stats and makes it easy to identify which devices you're using. Device Stage can also be used to preset common tasks, such as synchronization. Device Stage support for older devices makes one of Windows 7's best features applicable to peripherals and externals that don't need to be upgraded. One annoying change is that Bluetooth driver support no longer comes baked into the operating system. If you need a Bluetooth driver, you'll either need the installation disc on hand or you'll have to go download it. Search, touch screens, and XP mode Windows 7's native search feature has been improved. Files added to the hard drive were indexed so fast that they were searchable less than 5 seconds later. Search result snippets now include a longer snippet, and highlight the snippet more clearly. This should appeal specifically to people who juggle large numbers of long documents, but it's a useful feature for anybody who wants to find files faster. However, the search field is available by default only in the Start menu and in Windows Explorer, and cannot be easily added to the taskbar. Search snippets do a better job of highlighting relevant terms in your documents, exposing useful data even if it's not in the file name. (This image was taken from the Windows 7 Release Candidate, but looks and functions the same in the official version of Windows 7./Screenshot by Seth Rosenblatt/CNET) Touch-screen features worked surprisingly well. The hardware sometimes misread some of the multitouch gestures, occasionally confusing rotating an image, for example, with zooming in or out of the image. Overall, though, there were few difficulties in performing the basic series of gestures that Microsoft promotes, and this places Windows 7 in an excellent position for the future, as more and more computers are released with multitouch abilities. Experts and people or companies who hope to use Windows 7 for business situations will appreciate the new XP Mode. It doesn't have much of a practical application for the home consumer, but if you need to access programs designed for Windows XP that have not been upgraded to Windows Vista or 7, XP Mode creates a virtual environment within Windows 7 that should assuage any fears of upgrading without backward compatibility. Windows 7 supports a feature that won't be useful to most users, but businesses might do a double-take. XP Mode is a free add-on for Windows 7 that creates a virtual XP environment in which you can run older programs. (This image was taken from the Windows 7 Release Candidate, but looks and functions the same in the official version of Windows 7./Screenshot by Seth Rosenblatt/CNET) It's not easy to set up once you've downloaded the. You'll need to double-check that you have the right hardware, and can get the right software. Hardware Virtualization Technology, also known as AMD-V, Vanderpool, or VT-d, must be supported for it to work. Motherboards older than two years probably won't work, and even if you do have a newer one you might have to go into your BIOS and activate Hardware Virtualization. CPU-identification utilities are available from that can tell you if you're in the clear or not. However, if compatibility is the issue, this hassle will be worth it to you. Users will have full access to peripherals connected to their Windows 7 hardware, including printers, and the clipboard can be used to cut and paste between the virtual operating system and the 'real' one. Security User Account Control, or UAC, is back in Windows 7. Microsoft has tweaked the feature so that it's less intrusive, but it's not clear whether that means you're actually more or less secure than you were in Vista. UAC was one of the biggest changes in Vista. It tightened program access, but did it in such a way as to frustrate many owners of single-user computers. Windows 7 provides more options for user customization of UAC. The default setting is to notify users only when programs try to make changes to the computer, one step below the most restrictive setting of Always Notify. Under Always Notify, anytime a program tries to access the Internet, or you try to make changes to the computer, Windows 7 will require user confirmation. The second-least restrictive option doesn't dim the desktop when UAC is activated, and will only notify the user when programs try to make changes to the computer. When the desktop dims, Windows 7 is locking it down and preventing access. Never Notify is the most relaxed option, and is only recommended by Microsoft for programs that aren't compatible with UAC. UAC also displays a blue banner when confronted with a program from a known publisher versus a yellow banner and exclamation point when the program is from an unknown publisher. The number of clicks it should take to use UAC safely has been reduced, However, it's important to note that it's a less aggressive default posture by UAC. A less glitzy, but no less important, change to how removable drives are handled also can affect your media. Unlike Windows XP and Windows Vista, Windows 7 will no longer AutoRun external hard drives and USB keys when they're connected. This kills off a risky vector for malware infections that has been the bane of many security experts. Although Microsoft is working on a revamp of its antivirus and antimalware program, now called Microsoft Security Essentials, it won't be bundled with Windows 7. Users are still required to download a third-party antivirus and antimalware program, although the Windows Firewall remains intact. As with many features in Windows 7 that have been carried over from Windows Vista, people will notice there's far more granular settings control than before. Features like filtering outbound traffic, which were available in Vista but not exposed, are easier to access in Windows 7. Comparing Windows: XP vs. 4,217 As you can see in the chart, we found that Windows 7 RTM was the fastest to shutdown, and was tied with XP for iTunes encoding. However, it was slower than XP and Vista for both booting up cold by a bit more than 1 second, and slower than either of its predecessors in its Microsoft Office performance. After having used Windows 7 beta, RC, and now the RTM for more than six months combined, it still feels faster for us when launching programs, opening the control panel, and dragging icons, files, and folders around than XP. That's not to denigrate the value of the benchmarks, but keep in mind that the perception and reality might differ based on hardware and usage. Support When you try to use a file already in use, Windows 7 goes beyond Vista and XP by telling you not just that it's being used, but where it's being used so you can manage the situation faster. Other than that, Windows 7 offers on-board operating system support nearly identical to Windows Vista. Screen darkening, one-click action hand-holding, and a useful question mark icon on all Explorer windows maintain Vista's improved help features, when compared with Windows XP. In sum Windows 7 looks like the operating system that both Microsoft and its consumers have been waiting for. By fixing most of the perceived and real problems in Vista, Microsoft has laid the groundwork for the future of where Windows will go. Windows 7 presents a stable platform that can compete comfortably with OS X, while reassuring the world that Microsoft can still turn out a strong, useful operating system. From Windows 7 is the updated version of the Vista operating system from Microsoft. Windows 7 Ultimate is the most versatile and powerful edition of Windows 7. It combines remarkable ease-of-use with the entertainment features of Home Premium and the business capabilities of Professional, including the ability to run many Windows XP productivity programs in Windows XP Mode. For added security, you can encrypt your data with BitLocker and BitLocker-To-Go. And for extra flexibility, you can work in any of 35 languages. This product includes both 32- and 64-bit versions, and 90 days of Microsoft Support Services included. Microsoft Windows 7 Ultimate is purchase-only software and can be bought and downloaded online or shipped via mail. Full Specifications General Publisher Publisher web site Release Date October 22, 2009 Date Added October 22, 2009 Version 6.1.7601.19-1850 Category Category Subcategory Operating Systems Operating Systems Windows Additional Requirements 1GB RAM (32-bit) / 2GB RAM (64-bit), 16GB disk space (32-bit) / 20GB (64-bit), DirectX 9 graphics processor with WDDM 1.0 Download Information File Size 2.79GB File Name External File Popularity Total Downloads 710,314 Downloads Last Week 637 Pricing License Model Purchase Limitations Not available Price $119.99. • The Windows Driver Kit (WDK) Version 7.1.0 is an update to the WDK 7.0.0 release and contains the tools, code samples, documentation, compilers, headers and libraries with which software developers create drivers for Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2003. This development kit does not contain device drivers for your personal computer. If you are looking for drivers for your personal computer, go to Microsoft Update for downloads, or visit Windows Hardware Help for more information to find device drivers and hardware. A working knowledge of C programming is necessary to use this kit to develop Windows drivers. What do 11 year olds like? What are the best toys for 11 year olds? Wasn’t it so much easier when they were little? Eleven is an interesting age because some kids are still very much into toys but others find them babyish. Some kids are into double digit big kid stuff. Shocks GAM E JOYSTICK OPERATION INSTRUCTION. (USB shocks game joystick systems). Shocks single/double joystick systems: First:The system of products operation ways are in WIN2000/XP/VISTA: 1.You need to put the joysticks' line plugs to cut in USB plugs,then system will recognize and fit the plugs'driver. 2pcs black USB Dual Shock PC Computer Wired Gamepad Game Controller Joystick. $12.99; Buy It Now; Free Shipping. 394 watching;|; 1643 sold. Wireless charging device with which P4 system connects enables your P4 controller ready to. □ You can upload game videos and screenshots from your system or live. This is the age when kids are defining who they are so they are getting harder and harder to shop for. But it doesn’t have to be so hard, because they are at the age where they can tell you exactly what they like. Why not ask them? Eleven year olds love electronics, quiet time reading, drawing, watching movies, and playing video games. From age appropriate beauty products to gadgets galore, these are the gifts that 11 year olds are asking for on their Birthday or for Christmas. With over 180 handpicked gifts, it’s the ultimate gift guide for 11 year old boys and girls. Gadgets 11 year olds are all about getting the coolest and latest gadgets especially if their friends already have it. Gadgets are one of the best gifts for 11 year old boys or girls. Most kids this age want their first cell phone. If your budget allows it and you don’t mind spoiling your eleven year old a bit, think these mp3 players, laptops, tablets, and cameras. If your 11 year old already has a cell phone, there are a ton of accessories that make great gift items as well. A fashionable cell phone case, usb phone charger, selfie stick, or mobile printer will likely be a big hit. The SNES Classic is another huge hit for Nintendo, selling over 2 million units in one month. There’s no denying retro gaming is still hot! And these aren’t just any retro games. Nintendo has hand-picked 21 of the finest SNES games from it’s library. These really hit your nostalgic button hard with gameplay that amazingly stands the test of time. And if you’ve never played these games, it’s gonna be even sweeter because you get to relive the golden age of gaming. The bad news? It’s probably going to be very hard to get your hands on one for the holidays. Super Mario Odyssey represents Mario’s trumphant return to form in his latest thrilling and captivating adventure. The worlds in Mario have never felt bigger or more alive. The game returns to the sandbox style gameplay and exploration made famous by Mario 64, Galaxy, and Sunshine and he has a host of new tricks up his sleeve to make the game funner than ever. You can’t help but smile while discovering secrets and completing challenges. It’s arguably Mario’s greatest game to date that makes the Switch definitely worth owning just to play it. A must-play for any Mario fan! Zelda is an ambitious reimagining of the marquee franchise. It fuses some of the core Zelda elements with fresh new ideas and manages to create a world that feels so breathtaking and amazing to explore. There’s no shortage of fun in this massive world. There are a ton of things to do in this game. It’s truly remarkable how you can interact with the world and it reacts so realistically. And there are so many ways to tackle the challenges and play the game. This earns our coveted Game of the Year award for its excellence in game design and it’s a sheer joy to play from start to finish. A must-own for any Switch owner. While Splatoon 2 seems very similar to its predecessor, that’s not such a bad thing considering the first game was a blast to play. Nintendo has refined the game mechanics, added a host of new weapons, battle stages, competitions, and more to make this even more entertaining than the first game. There’s even a brand new single-player campaign to learn the basics of the game while developing your skills. But the multiplayer is where the game really shines with paintball style matches where you have to cover the arena with your team’s color while evading the opposing team’s blasts. The side covering the most turf wins. Nintendo should be applauded for showing that you don’t need violence to have a fun, addictive shooter. At its core NBA 2K18 is a solid basketball game but many people are bashing it for its microtransactions. Lets not forget the graphics and gameplay are satisfying and still the best. Things that used to be free now have to be paid with virtual currency. Practically everything requires building up your VC to make in-game purchases. Certainly, a few of the modes could have been improved and they should have found a way to balance the grind so people don’t feel inclined to pay more money than they need to. The Astros won the World Series against the Dodgers! As the Astros and Dodgers proved, the Road to the Show is never an easy one – it’s full of ups and downs. It takes everything you’ve got to win the Championship. Can you take your favorite team all the way to the Big Show and win it all in glorious fashion like the Astros? The Show 17 brings the game to life with brilliant graphics, animation, and refined gameplay. The player models, stadiums and lighting have never looked better. Plus, it’s packed with stellar modes as well as a new retro mode for pickup and play gameplay. Forza Motorsport 7 is the best looking and playing racing game this year. The game looks absolutely incredible with life-like realism in everything from the car models to the stunning weather and lighting effects. The game runs super smoothly without a hitch. The cars handle well and you’ll need to master each vehicle. This game boasts the largest roster of cars at an impressive 700 plus! Eat your heart out Gran Turismo Sport. If you’ve never played a Forza game before, it’s very accessible with a rewind feature and you can adjust braking assists among other settings. Experience the undisputed king of the racing world! PlayerUnknown’s Battlegrounds pits you against 99 other players on a massive battlefield. It’s a game of kill or be killed. It’s a fun new twist on the first-person shooter genre which hasn’t seen too much as far as innovation. Battlegrounds is a last man standing game – so you’ll have to shoot and use strategy to survive and be the last man standing. Do you have what it takes? While it does involve shooting and killing, it’s tame compared to other first-person shooters like DOOM and Call of Duty WWII. Horizon Zero Dawn stands as a serious contender for Game of the Year. Nobody expected the Kill Zone company to come up with such a beautiful open-world action adventure game that ranks among the best for the PS4. You’ll guide Aloy through a vast journey with beautiful environments and an engaging narrative that draws you right in from the onset. Tweens will love the combat, weapons, and stealth aspects of the game. And let’s not forget about those epic boss showdowns. This Complete Edition also includes the DLC content all packaged together in one convenient bundle. Wonder Woman is one of the best superhero movies of the year. Gal Gadot did a fantastic job of playing the leading role and Chris Pine was a great addition to the cast, delivering a memorable performance. Patty Jenkins should be applauded for her efforts and making it more than just another shallow superhero movie. Wonder Woman’s character has depth and she is a strong and powerful force to be reckoned with. What’s great is this isn’t just a movie for females, but it’s a movie everyone can enjoy. This origins story successfully sets the stage for a much-anticipated follow-up. Spider-Man Homecoming was one of our favorite Spider-Man movies in the long-standing, popular franchise. If you consider yourself a Spidey fan, you owe it to yourself to watch this film. The director introduces a fresh perspective on Peter Parker and Spider-Man and it’s a movie that goes beyond just retelling the origins story. They’ve finally figured out fans already know all that stuff and need to progress forward. Overall, Tom Holland served the Spidey role well and it was an enjoyable film that no Spidey fan should miss. Transformers The Last Knight delivers more of what you love from this blockbuster franchise from series director Michael Bay. The formula remains unchanged: epic action, explosions, and a ludicrous storyline and, oh yeah, the robots. Transformers doesn’t try to be something that it is not. It knows exactly what it is and delivers in epic fashion. Although it is drawn out, Transformers fans will still enjoy watching what could be the final installment in the series. Music What 11 year old doesn’t love music? An iTunes gift card or concerts tickets will score you major kudos points. In addition, these fashionable headphones and wireless speakers are sure to be the life of the party. DropMix is a brand new music game that lets players mix the hottest songs from a range of artists and genres. The set comes with 60 DropMix cards and expansion packs are available to expand the mixing fun. DropMix offers Freestyle, Clash, and Party modes of play. As many as four players can play together. Pump up the music and let the good times roll! Great gift idea for music lovers. Sleepovers At age 11, girls spend a lot of time with their best friends so slumber parties are likely to be big deal. Spending time over at a friend’s to play, talk about boys, talk about school, listen to music, will be one of her favorite things to do. These pajamas, booties, and duffle bags are perfect for sleepovers. Every tween girl needs the Salt Water Sandals in her wardrobe, as these are tried-and-true classics. These sandals comes in a wide range of colors and styles to meet your needs. They look attractive with a leather design and are very comfortable with rubber soles. The best part? They’re incredibly versatile so go ahead and wear them whenever and wherever you like. Beauty Some 11 year old girls are very much into boys, makeup, perfumes, hair and nails. At this age, kids are just trying to figure out their favorite style. The number one item on most 11 year old girl’s wish list is a brand new makeup set. If they are ready, a big makeup set that they can mess around with around the house makes a great gift. In addition to makeup, kids this age have all begun experimenting with nail art, fun hair styles, and sweet smelling perfumes and lotions. She will love these beauty products as much as she loves her friends. Looking to freshen up your hair between washes? Batiste Dry Shampoo is a spray shampoo that cleanses your hair without water and it’s easy to use and style with. In fact, it’s the #1 dry shampoo and available in a variety of fresh fragrances to make your hair smell its best. It also removes oil from your hair so you can add body and texture. The best part? It’s so convenient and you’ll be saving water so it’s great for the planet, too. Turn dull lifeless hair into amazing. Skipping a wash is not such a bad thing after all. What will you do with the time and money saved? Our lives are full of ups and downs. This beautiful Lokai Bracelet serves to remind us of that very fact. The white is said to resemble our high points, while the single black bead represents our low points. During high points in our lives we need to stay humble, whereas during low points we need to stay hopeful that we’ll make it through the most challenging of times. It is that resiliance in us that allows us to move forward and attain the very best moments in life. It’s a simple but powerful piece that she’ll love wearing daily. Who’s your BFF? This fantastic set of two gold dainty necklaces with gemstones is perfect for your 11 year old and her best friend. One is light blue and the other is a pink crystal, each with a 14K gold-plated chain. Girls will love wearing these every day and will be reminded of their best friend forever. It’s a beautiful pair that serves as a great graduation gift or any occasion. These lovely pieces will get their fair share of compliments. Friendship is a beautiful thing to always keep near and dear to your heart. This MLM Girl’s Talk Locker is a great gift idea for girls. She can store all the stuff she needs to lock up in this hot pink metal locker. The locker measures 4 3/4 W x 11 1/4 L x 4 1/2-inches D. This locker set comes with a set of two keys, one lock, and 18 magnet accessories for personalizing your locker. The door has hooks and a mirror and there are two shelves inside to keep things neatly organized. Great for locking up your diary and other personal items you don’t want your little brother or sister to see. If she needs a portable work surface for her laptop, this portable laptop lap desk is a great choice. It comes in a variety of color options and allows you to comfortably use your laptop safely on your lap. It’s even ergonomically designed to support comfortable typing. With smaller laptops, there’s enough room for a mouse. There’s a built-in handle for moving it around from one room to the next. It can even be used for reading and writing in bed. The surface is made of solid MDF material and it’s compact and lightweight, making it a practical gift idea. Ready to put your shooting skills to the test in some super competitive fun? The Double Shot Basketball Arcade System is perfect for putting your shooting skills to the test against friends and family. It features cool electronic buzzers and sound effects plus real-time scoring to immerse you in the experience. The scoring is accurate and fast, so you can see how the competition is stacking up and up your game. Super fun gift that delivers non-stop thrills and excitement. Think you have what it takes to win? The RazorX Cruiser is a cool new electric skateboard with exhilarating speeds up to 10 MPH. On a single charge, it runs for approximately forty minutes, but it can even run when the charge has been depleted. Every aspect of its design has been carefully considered to make this an awesome product. It’s very easy to ride and easily one of the best electric skateboards on the market. You’d be hard-pressed to find a better price for comparable features. It’s a real blast cruisin’ around on this board! Exploding Kittens is a fun card game for the whole family. It’s a strategic game about kittens, explosions, and more with beautifully illustrated cards by The Oatmeal. It’s best described as Russian Roulette but with kittens. Players have to pick cards until someone gets an Exploding Kitten card. At that point, if that player has a Defuse card, he or she can avert the explosion. However, if said player doesn’t have such a Defuse Card, the kitten explodes and that player is out. As you probably can guess, players have to avoid exploding to win. It’s easy to play and very entertaining! Blokus is one of our favorite strategy games. The game is for 2 to 4 players and players take turns placing their pieces on the board. The same colored pieces must be attached at the corner. Strategy comes into play while strategically blocking your opponent and maximizing your color pieces on the game board. When no more moves can be made, the player with the least amount of pieces is declared the winner. It’s a highly entertaining game that we highly recommend! Sure to become a new family-favorite. Here’s a fun brain-teaser from Bepuzzled. The challenge is to take this cast puzzle apart and reassemble it. Can you successfully put it back together? There are a wide assortment of cast puzzles to challenge your problem-solving skills. It’s actually more challenging than it looks and is very satisfying. Art Kits At the age of 11, kids are very impressionable so gifts that unlock hidden artistic talents will be ideal. Doodle books, how to draw books, and art sets are popular gifts for children of this age. For girls, fashion design books. Hy, I'm new here. I just want to share my knowledge and how I experienced this awesome game. First above all, this is a little tutorial on how to map or setting a Generic Twin USB Joystick (all brands) or PS2 Dualshock controller so you can play it on Prototype 2 game. I do not know if this topic is ever posted before, so please do inform it to me if I do a repost of this topic. Please take a note that before I do this tutorial, I was looking through a Prototype (1) forum, which now put as Read-Only. Now, on to the thing. Let me just explain it fast and simple. Prototype game ONLY supported XBOX360 Controller. When you had a PS2 gamepad or a generic twin USB joystick or even a HAMA controller, the game won't detect your controller. Even when your controller says 'Plug 'n Play', this game (Prototype) won't let you control the game with your controller. What we're going to do is just a little tweak to fake up our controllers and make the game recognize it as an XBOX360 Controller. Plug your gamepad (install the drivers so that the controller will enable the vibration) 2. Run 'REGEDIT' (Just search it in your C: Windows) 3. Navigate to: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE -> SYSTEM -> Currentcontrolset -> Control - > MediaProperties -> PrivateProperties -> Joystick - > OEM Now, search for your controller device. Make sure you know your controller's device name. When you've found it, double click on OEMName or right click on it and choose 'Modify.' --- Changed the name to: Logitech Dual Action (Screenshot 1: -- Screenshot 2: 5. Get this XBOX360 Emulator: 6. Extract it somewhere and run the.exe program. Now you see the first tab 'Controller 1' with the light indicator turned on (green light). Now, grab your controller to see which buttons working and which ones not. (Screenshot: If some buttons doesn't feel right for you, you can change the map by clicking the dropdown menu of the button and select 'RECORD' --- Once you click on Record, quickly press the button on your controller just as what you like to use. (See this picture for example: 8. Once you're done mapping your controller, go to the 'Settings Database' tab. The program will automatically saves your settings. When it finishes, close the emulator and open the folder where you extracted the emulator. (Screenshot: 9. You'll find 2 new files (x360ce & xinput1_3.dll), copy these two files into your Prototype installation folder. Run the game. If works, the game will automatically change the default setting (from Keyboard+Mouse) to XBOX360 Controller. Here are the screenshots I took while I run Prototype 2 game: - The game will automatically detect your controller as XBOX360 Controller. If you're still confuse on how the controllers work, you can go to the Controls menu by pressing SELECT > Controls while you're in-game. (Screenshot: --------- Now, I want to say thank you to Printul_Noptii (for the helpful post: --- This post was to complete the steps and give more specific tutorial with screenshots. I deeply apologize if this post is actually a repost. Hey there WolfieRitsu! I just wanted to say your post was most appreciated and helpful! (at least to me). I've just recently started using a generic dualshock gamepad. I bought it today because I wanted to play some games (will probably re-play prototype2 just because yes) including Dark Souls, with it. As I installed the drivers and started playing, I noticed some buttons were mixed up, and worse, the camera stick on my gamepad had its axis switched out (I was controling horizontal camera direction by moving it up and down and vertical vice-versa). When I followed your guide, and I went back to the game, everything was correct! So, thanks again for the info man, I know I'm not the only one who feels grateful for your help! |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |